BZ 110 Exam 2

What do all animals have

Eukaryotic cells, Multicellular, Specialized tissues, Heterotropic, Breathe oxygen, Capable of motility, Can reproduce sexually (some reproduce asexually), Members of the animalia kingdom and descendants of the common ancestor of all animals.

Microevolution

small-scale changes observed above the species level

Macroevolution

Large-scale changes observed above the spcies level

Speciation

The process of a population divering into two descendant spcies. Links microevolution to macroevolution.

Natural selection

Change based on fitness of individual in a population

Migration/ Gene flow

Movement of inidivuals to and from populations

Genetic drift

A change in allele frequencies of a population due to error or random change affects survival or reproduction

Mutation

Changes to DNA sequence through errors in DNA replication or DNA damage

Bottleneck effect

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disater or human actions.

Founder effect

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish a new population

What is the only non-random mechanism of evolution that leads to adaptation

Natural Selection

What is allopatric speciation via dispersal

organisms move to a new isolated area

What is allopatric speciation via vicariance

A new physical barrier splits an existing population

What is sympatric speciation

When a new species evolves from a single ancestral population while in the same area

What is Pre-zygotic isolation

When isolation prevents a zygote from forming

When did earth form?

4.54 billion years ago

When was the origin of life

4-3.8 billion years ago

When was the Great Oxidation Event

3.4 billion years ago

When was the origin of Eukaryotes

1.8 billion years ago

When were the earliest animal fossils

635-542 million years ago

When was the Cambrain Explosion

538 million years ago

When were the first terrestrial plants and animals

444 - 419 million years ago

When were the first terrestrial vertebrates

419 - 359 million years ago

When was the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian

419 - 359, 359-299, 299-252 (evolution of woody plants, peak oxygen, diversification, etc.)

When was the great dying?

252 million years ago

When were Dinosaurs

252 - 66 million years ago

When were the first mammals

167 million years ago

When were the first flowering plants

143 million years ago

When was the Cretaceous- Tertiary Extinction

66 million years ago (astroid)

When was the origin of the great apes

17 million years ago

When were the earliest stone tools

3.4 million years ago

When did modern humans evolve

300,000 years ago

What are the levels of ecology

Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

What are the big 5 threats to biodiversity

Climate change, over exploitation, habitat change, invasive species, and pollution.

What are the four major gases

Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What are the three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What is the key difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

The presence of a nucleus and mitochondria in Eukaryotes

What are the two major cleavage patterns?

Radial (Fours) and Spiral (divided off major axis)

What do protostomes typically have

Spiral cleavage, blastopore develops into mouth, coelom formation through schizocoely, and determinant early development

What do Deuterostomes typically have

Raidal cleavage, Blastopore develops into anus, coelom formatio through enterocoely, indeterminant early development

What is a Chorion

A highly vascularized aids in gas exchange

What is Amnion

Encloses embryo in fluid filled sac, protecting against shock and desiccation

What is a yolk sac

Provides nutrition to developing embryo

What is allantois

Stores nitrogenous wastes and facilitates respirationWha

what is temporal fenestrae

opening in temporal region of skull

What is a Diapsid skull

Two temporal fenestrae, Seen in most reptiles

What is a synapsid skull

One temporal fenestrae (seen in mammals)

What is an anapsid skull

No temporal fenestrae (seen in turtles)

What are the characteristics of a nonavian reptile

Dry skin with epidermal scales, amniotic eggs, ectothermic, respiration via lungs, diapsid skulls (except for anapsid turtles), internal fertilization

What characterstistics describe the order sphenodontia

species: Tuataras, Akinetic skull, Oviparous, well developed parietal eye (third eye)

What is an akinetic skull

Upper jaw is firmly attached to skull

What are the characteristics in order Squamata

Species: Snakes, lizards, and geckos, Kinetic skull

What is a kinetic skull

moveable bones and other modification that increase skull flexibility

What characterstistics describe the order Testudines

species: turtles and tortoises, anapsid skulls, teeth absent in adults (replaced with horny beak), oviparous, short/ broad body, and shell consisting of a dorsal carapace and ventral plastron

What characterstistics describe the Clade Archosauria

species: crocodilians and birds, muscular gizzards, common ancestor: skulls opening in front of eyes (lost in crocodilians), Thecodont teeth: teeth set into sockets in jaw (lost in birds)

What characterstistics describe the order Crocodylia

species: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. elongate, muscular, and laterally compressed tails, tongue not protrusible, 4 heart chambers, oviparous exhibit parental care

What are types of bird flight adaptations

Feathers, light weight bones, keel, beak, endothermy (warm blooded), acute senses, efficient unidirectional breathing cycleW

What are types of bird skeletal modifications

Keel, airspace in bones with internal strutting to decrease weight but maintain strength, forelimb modified into structure for feathered wing

What is a keel

extension of sternum for flight muscle attachment

What characterstistics describe the class mammalia

Endothermic, mammary glands, hair, diaphragm, three middle-ear ossicles, heterodont dentition, sweat, sebaceous, and scent glands, four chambered heart, large cerebral cortex

What are the three major infraclasses

Ornithodelphia, Metatheria, Eutheria

What are Ornithodelphia

The monotremes

What are Metatheria

the marsupials

What are Eutheria

The placental mammal

What characterstistics describe the class Myxini

species: hagfish, cartilaginous skull and skeleton, lack a vertebral column, retain notochord, simple eyespots, and four pairs of sensory tentacles around the mouth, jawless, feed with a rasping “tongue”, ventrolateral slime glands

What characterstistics describe the class Petromyzontida

species: Lampreys, large sucker-like mouth, no jaw, cartilaginous skeleton, filter feed as larva/ juveniles but adults often predatory or parasitic, sea lamprey invasive in great lakes, adults live in ocean but migrate into rivers and lakes to breed, young live in rivers and filter feeds

What characterstistics describe the class Chondrichthyes

species: sharks, skates, rays, and rat fish. Lack swim bladder, lungs, cartilaginous skeleton, and shark teeth are modified scales

What characterstistics describe the class Actinopterygii

Ray finned fish, most diverse group of fish, bony skeleton, most with swim bladder (few with lungs), jaw present

What characterstistics describe the class Sarcopterygii

Lobed-finned fish, Coelacanths and lungfish, paraphyletic and includes tetrapoda, bony jawed fish, have swim bladder or lungs

What characterstistics describe the class Amphibia sub-class Lissamphibia

Semiaquatic lifestyle, ski with mucoid secretions and lack scales, feather or hair, larvae usually aquatic and undergo metamorphosis to the adult, 3 chambered heart, breathe through skin and with simple lungs, skull and vertebrae modification allowing for mobile neck.

What characterstistics describe the order gymnophiona

species: caecilians, worm or snake-like , legless, most burrow in soil and feed on invertebrates, found in tropics, appear segmented due to organization of muscles, sensory tentacles for smelling and possible light sensing, internal fertilization, young feed on mothers skin cells, may have scales

What characterstistics describe the order Caudata

species: salamanders, newts, and sirens. Long tail, two pairs of limbs, may have aqquatic larva, terrestrial adults, and mostly live in norhtern hemisphere

What characterstistics describe the order anura

species: frogs and toads. Tailess, elongated hindlimbs modified for jumping and swimming, spine modified for jumping: Iliosacral joint, males vocalize to attract mates and establish territories

What characterstistics describe the Phylum Chordata

Notochord, Paryngeal slits or pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, muscular postanal tail, an endostyle or thyroid gland

What are involved in the Phylum Chordata

Urochordata, Cephalodhordata, hagfishes, and vertebrate

What chordata characteristics are in human embryo

Around 6 weeks of pregnancy all 5 of the chordate characteristics are present in human embryo, arches develop into parts of the ear, tonsils, and thymus.

What characterstistics describe the Urochordatas

species: tunicates and salps, marine filter feeders, most have cellulose containing body wall called unic (only animal to produce), notochord, nerve cord, and postanal tail present only during free swimming larvae stage

What characterstistics describe the sub-phylum cephalochordata

species: lancelets. All five chordate characteristics are in adult forms and filter feeders

What characterstistics describe the Phylum Echinodermata

Pentaradial symmetry as adults, water vascular system with tube feet, calcium carbonate endoskeleton, pedicellaria often present, complete gut, anus sometimes lost or reduced, diffuse decentralized nervous system, nerve net, nerve ring, radial nerves

What characterstistics describe the class asteriodea

Central disk with lateral arms. Arms and disc not distinctly seperated, tube feet with suction, aboral madreporite, ambulacral grooves, pedicellariae present, feed by extruding their stomachs from mouth to envolp food into pyloric cecae

What characterstistics describe the Class Ophiuroidea

species: brittle stars and sea baskets. Arms, central disk distinct, madreporite on oral side, water vascular system not used for movement, instead use of arms

What characterstistics describe the class echinoidea

species: sea urchins, sand dollars. Closely fitted or fused skeletal plates, internal jaw apparatus (aristotles lantern (lost in some)), pedicellarie present, moveable spines, globose of flattened discoid body.

What characterstistics describe the class Holothuroidea

species: sea cucumbers. No arms, elongate along oral-aboral axis, ossicles in muscular body wall, circumoral tentacles (modified tube feet), often with sticky mucous, used for feeding, gas exchange through repiratory trees attached to rectum, madreporite internal

What characterstistics describe the class crinoidea

species: sea lilies and feather stars. arms radiate from central cup (calyx) with mouth directed up, sea lilies have stem attached to aboral side of calyx. feather starts have root-like cirri used for attachment are connected to calyx on aboral side, tube feet in double row along each arm used for filter feeding, madreporite, mouth, anus on oral side of calyx.

What characterstistics describe Arthropods

Paired, jointed appendages, growth means ecdysis or molting, cuticle made of chitin, ventral nervouse system, coelom reduced to cavities surrounding gonads and sometimes excretory organs, open circulatory system in which blood is released into hemocoel, compelete gut, metamorphosis often present.

What are the sementations and tagmatization of arthropods

metamerism, may have paired appendages, can be specialized to specific functions, tagmatization,

What are tagmata

Specialized groupings of multiple segments

What characterstistics describe the class insecta

Body divded into head, thorax, and abdomen. Five pairs of head appendages, three pairs of uniramous appendages on thorax, tracheal gas exchange, mouth appendages exposed and projecting from head

How do many terrestrial arthopods breathe

a system of tracheae and spiracles (but independantly evolved in each)What characterstistics describe the

What characterstistics describe the order lepidoptera

species: moths and butterflies. wings broad and covered with scales, mouth parts formed into sucking tube.

What characterstistics describe the order coleoptera

species: beetles. Front wings modified into hardened protective elytra

What characterstistics describe the order diptera

species: flies and mosquitoes. Hindwings modified into club like mechanosensory organs called halteres that assist in precise arial movement

What characterstistics describe the order hymenoptera

species: ants, bees, and wasps. wings (if present) coupled together by hooklike hamuli, set determination through haplodipoidy, females with specialized ovipositor sometimes modified into stinger

What is the sex determination in order hymenoptera

Males are haploid (unfertilized) and females are dipoid (fertilized)

What characterstistics describe crustaceans

Two sets of antennae, biramous appendages, tagmataWhat characterstistics describe the

What characterstistics describe the sub-phlum Myriapoda

two tagmata (head and trunk) and breathe through tracheae and spiracles.Cl

What characterstistics describe the class chilopoda

Fast-moving predators, venomous maxilipeds on the first trunk appendage, 1 pair of legs per trunk segment.

What characterstistics describe the class diplopoda

Fused diplosegments, two leg pairs each, many with repugnatorial glands that produce noxious chemicals including hydrogen cyanide.

What characterstistics describe the sub phylum chelicerata

First pair of appendages piercing or pincer like used for feeding, body usually divided into prosoma and opisthosoma, phylogeny is largely uncertain

How do many (but not all) chelicerates breath

book lungs or book gills