test 2

Boyle's Law

The volume of a gas decreases as the pressure increases at constant temperature.

Charles' Law

The volume of a gas increases as the temperature increases at constant pressure.

Ideal Gas Law

The relationship between pressure (P), volume (V), number of moles (N), and temperature (T) of a gas is given by the equation PV = NRT.

what happens to atomic light when it goes through a prism?

it splits into different frequencies and forms a spectrum of colors, with increasing wavelengths.

Heat of Formation (ΔHf)

the energy changes associated with the formation reactions of compounds. Lower values indicate more stable compounds in their standard states.

Electromagnetic Spectrum order of wavelength

The order of wavelengths and energies in the electromagnetic spectrum is:Radiowave (Rw), Microwave (Mw), Infrared (IR), {Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet/Indigo}, Ultraviolet (Uv), X-ray (X), Gamma Ray, Cosmic Radiation. Energy and frequency increase as you move towards the right, while wavelength increases as you move towards the left.

Speed of Light Equation

The speed of light (C) is equal to the product of wavelength (λ) and frequency (F):C = λF.

Planck's Constant

The energy (E) of a photon is equal to the product of Planck's constant (H) and its frequency (F):E = HF.

Calculation of Energy of a Photon

E = HF or E = hc/λ, where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength.

expanded configurations

written using the principal quantum number (n) and the orbital (s, p, d, f) with the total number of electrons written as a superscript.

Equivalence

Equivalence is the point where the chemical reaction comes to an end

Excited State Electron

An atom with an electron in a higher energy level than the ground state.

Oxidation

the total number of electrons increasing in a reaction

Molarity Calculation

divide the moles of solute by the liters of solution.

Calculation of Moles in a 100% Solution

The calculation depends on the specific solute and its molar mass.

Calculation of Volume

If given the molarity and grams of solute, convert grams to moles and then divide moles by molarity

+q

endothermic reactions

n

principal quantum number, size of orbital

Oxidation number of simple ions

the charge on the ion.

Polyatomic ions

consists of more than one atom

ℓ

angular momentum quantum number, shape of orbital

mℓ

magnetic quantum number, orientation

ms

spin quantum number, spin of electrons in an atom

reduction

the total number of electrons decreasing in a reaction.

condensed configuration

written using the symbol of the noble gas in the period above the element.

what 3 laws make up the ideal gas law

avogadros law, charles law, and boyles law

endpoint

the point where the color change occurs in a system.

-q

exothermic reactions

+w

work from the surrounding to the system

-w

work from the system to the surrounding.