test 2

Boyles's Law:

know what happens to volume and pressure at constant T

If the temperature of a gas is constant, as the pressure on the gas increases the volume will decrease. vice versa; if pressure decreases, volume increases

Charles' Law:

know what happens to volume and temp at constant P

the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, if the pressure remains constant

what 3 laws make the ideal gas law

boyle’s law, charles law, and avogadro’s law

Know what happens to atomic light when passed thru prism

it splits into different frequencies and its spectrum of colors, increasing wavelengths as well

Hf (heat of formation) reaction with lowest energy elements

The ΔHf values indicate the energy changes associated with these formation reactions. Lower ΔHf values indicate more stable compounds in their standard states.

Pv=NRT

the electromagnetic spectrum order of wavelengths & energies

Key: Rw: Radiowave, Mw: Microwave, IR: Infrared, {Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet/Indigo}, Uv:Ultra Violet, X: X ray, Gamma Ray, Cosmic Radiation

Rw Mw IR {R,O,Y,G,B,V} Uv, X, Gamma Ray, cosmic radiation
- Energy and Frequency increases as you go right —>
- <—Wavelength increases as you go to left (radio waves are longer than micro, etc)

Example Question:

Q? WHich photon has more energy blue or red? The one on the right side, blue has more energy

Q? Which has a higher frequency R or Gamma Ray? Gamma Ray, increases toward right

Q? WHich has a longer wavelength, Rw, or X ray? Radio waves, wavelength increases toward the right.

Relationship between Energy, Frequency and Wavelength= λ

λ increases, F decreases, E decreases

λ decreases, F increases, E increases

Speed of light Equation= C= λ (F)

Speed of light= C = 3x10⁸m/s in a vacuum (air)
- The speed of light changes based on its index of refraction: v=, n=index of refraction (should be given), plug c constant in the equation
Planck's Constant:E=H(F)
- H=6.626x10^-34_J(S)

E(energy of photon):H(planck's constant) F(frequency)

Example Question:

Q?700 nm

Red→ What's the Frequency? F=(3x10⁸_M(s))/(700x10^-9)m, F=4.286x10¹⁴hz, s^-1)

Nanometer= one billionth so we need to convert from nm to m

-Speed of light equation needed a meter conversion for mathematics to be correct

Q? Now from the frequency you just found, find the Energy? E= H(F), Now use planck's constant H=6.626x10^-34_J(S)

(6.626x10^-34_J(S) )(4.286x10¹⁴)=E seconds cancel out, E=2.84x10^-19J, now convert to electron volts (conversion factor=1ev / (1.602x10^-19J)), so now we multiply 2.84x10^-19J by our conversion factor, finally E= 1.773ev

How can you use this wavelength (480 nm) to calculate the energy of a photon directly?

E=H(F) C= λ (F) So we can state E=hc/

F= (6.626x10^-34_J(S))(3x10⁸m/s))/(480x10^-9m)=4.14x10^-19J

Q? electron volts (conversion factor=1ev / (1.602x10^-19J))

7ev→ J,F,λnm J=1.12x10^-18, F=1.692x10¹⁵hz, λ=177.3nm

Work for wavelength:

((3x10^8m/s))/(1.692x10¹⁵)=1.773x10^-7m→convert back to nm cuz that is what the question is asking. 1.773x10^-7x10⁹, always 10^{9 or -9} when talking about nm, so 1.773x10²=177.3nm

expanded and condensed version of ground state electron configurations

Expanded configurations are written using n (principal quantum number), followed by orbital (s, p, d, f) with the total number of electrons written as a superscript.

Condensed configurations are done by using the symbol of the noble gas in the period above the element.

difference between an equivalence and an endpoint

Equivalence= a point where the chemical reaction comes to an end

endpoint= point where the color change occurs in a system

ID element in an excited state

an atom with an electron higher than the ground state (i.e., further from the nucleus)

ground state= an atom with all its electrons in their lowest possible energy levels.

EXAMPLE:

oxidation numbers of elements vs ions and of central atoms of polyatomic ions and carbon

Oxidation number of simple ions = the charge on the ion.

Polyatomic ions: consists of more than one atom.

Unique properties of carbon make it a central part of biological molecules. Carbon binds to oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen covalently.

redox (oxidation/reduction reactions)

Oxidation= total number of electrons increase in a reaction

reduction= total number of electrons decrease in a reaction

calculating molarity

moles of solute/ liters of solution

calculating mol of total ions in a 100% solution

????

calculate vol if given molarity and grams of solute

Convert grams of solute to moles, divide moles by molarity

heat and work sign changes

q= heat lost or gained

w= work done involving systems and surrounding

+q= endothermic

-q= exothermic

+w= work from SURROUNDING to SYSTEM

-w= work from SYSTEM to SURROUNDINGS

quantum numbers and their meaning

4 quantum numbers: n, ℓ, m_ℓ , m_s

n= principal or shell quantum number (1, 2, 3, 4,...) size of orbital

ℓ= angular momentum quantum number (0, 1, 2, … n-1) orbital shape

m_ℓ= magnetic quantum number (-ℓ… 0 … +ℓ) orbital orientation/ direction in space

m_s= spin quantum number (+½ or -½ ) represents the electron spinning clockwise or counterclockwise

Formula sheet

(William Thompson) Kelvins conversion= C + 273.15

Robert Boyle’s law: P₁V₁=P₂V₂

Joseph Gay-Lussac: P₁T₂ = P₂T₁

Jacques Charles: V₁T₂ = V₂T₁

Constant (slope) = V/T

Ideal gas equation: PV= nRT

Relationship between Energy, Frequency and Wavelength= C= λ (F)

Speed of light= C = 3x10⁸m/s in a vacuum (air)
- The speed of light changes based on its index of refraction: v=, n=index of refraction (should be given), plug c constant in the equation
Planck's Constant:E=H(F)
- H=6.626x10^-34_J(S)