biomed

Link Method

Logical links between crime and activity.

Zone Method

Searching in specific zones, best for buildings.

Spiral Method

Inward or outward spiral for scenarios with no physical barriers.

Line Method

Search along a straight line, at arm's length, for outdoor scenes.

Wheel Method

From a point, travel outward along many lines for small circular areas.

Grid Method

Search in a vertical and horizontal line for large outdoor areas.

At the Scene Data

Must include data, location, time, and temperature.

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes, responsible for carrying oxygen.

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes, which fight infections.

Platelets

Thrombocytes, involved in blood clotting.

Plasma

The liquid part of blood that holds everything.

Presumptive Tests

Three types include leukocrystal, luminol, and Kastle-Meyer.

LCT Test

Reacts with hemoglobin in blood and turns purple.

Luminol Test

Reacts with blood causing it to glow blue.

Kastle-Meyer Test

Uses phenolphthalein and reacts with iron by hemoglobin to turn pink.

Transfer Blood Spatter

Blood that comes in contact with a surface.

Spatters

When liquid blood travels through the air and then lands.

Falling Droplets

Dropped from above and hits a horizontal surface.

Force (Blood Spatter)

When blood strikes at an angle with force.

Radial Spatter

Impact that sends blood droplets moving in the air.

Steps of Experimental Design

1. Identify the question, 2. Make a prediction, 3. Design the experiment, 4. Conduct the experiment, 5. Analyze data, 6. Communicate findings.

Universal Donor Blood Type

Type O.

Universal Receiver Blood Type

Type AB.

Positive Control

Sample that always shows a positive result.

Negative Control

Sample that always shows a negative result.

Type A Blood

42% of the population; has B antibodies and A antigens.

Type B Blood

10% of the population; has A antibodies and B antigens.

Type AB Blood

4% of the population; has no antibodies and A and B antigens.

Type O Blood

44% of the population; has no antibodies and no antigens.

Polygraph Function

Measures heart and respiratory rate.

Baseline of a Polygraph

The person's normal levels.

Hair Cuticle

The outermost layer of hair.

Hair Cortex

The center of the hair.

Hair Medulla

The layer between the cortex and cuticle.

Minutia (Fingerprints)

The tiny characteristics of a fingerprint.

Loop Fingerprint

A loop that starts and then curves back.

Whorl Fingerprint

A circular pattern that spirals.

Arch Fingerprint

Arches upwards and then back down.

Tented Arch

Arches upward in the center.

Minutia Match Requirement

12-15 minutia must be matched to identify a fingerprint.

DNA Structure

A double helix.

DNA Definition

Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA Charge

Negatively charged.

DNA Function

Provides the code for proteins.

Components of DNA

Made up of nucleotides.

Nucleotides in DNA

Blocks of DNA that have a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base.

Adenine

A purine base.

Thymine

A pyrimidine base.

Guanine

A purine base.

Cytosine

A pyrimidine base.

Purines

Bases with a double ring structure.

Pyrimidines

Bases with a single ring structure.

Genome

All the genes in an organism.

Potential DNA Sources

Bone, hair, body parts, clothing, fingerprints, saliva, and body fluids.

PCR Purpose

Copies DNA to make more for analysis.

Denaturation

Uses high temperatures that cause DNA to come apart.

Annealing

Primers binding to the DNA as the temperature is lowered.

Extension

Brings temperature down to room temperature.

Enzymes and DNA

Cut DNA molecules.

Blunt Ends

DNA cut straight in half.

Sticky Ends

DNA cut jagged and uneven.

Gel Electrophoresis Function

Separates and compares DNA pieces.

Algor Mortis

The cooling of the body post-mortem.

Livor Mortis

Blood pooling and the body turning white.

Clouding of Corneas

The eye turns white post-mortem.

Decomposition

The breakdown of the body.

Insect Activity Post-Mortem

Flies that are attracted to the body.