Mahon Fina;

Industrial Revolution

Started in Europe due to natural resources (coal, iron), strong governments, and global trade access

Anthropocene

A time period where human activity has significantly impacted the environment

Women in Industrial Britain

Worked in factories and domestic service with low pay and limited opportunities

Russian Revolution Cause

Harsh conditions, inequality, and weak leadership led to violent revolution

19th Century Migration

Europeans migrated for jobs, land, freedom, and new opportunities

Imperialism Definition

A policy where a country expands its power by controlling other regions

Motivation for Imperialism

Need for raw materials, new markets, and global power

Civilizing Mission

The belief Europeans were improving other societies (used to justify imperialism)

Scientific Racism

The false idea that some races are superior to others

Social Darwinism

Applying 'survival of the fittest' to justify domination of weaker societies

Scramble for Africa

European countries dividing Africa with little input from Africans

Indian Rebellion (1857)

A revolt against British rule in India

Taiping Rebellion

A massive rebellion in China against the Qing government

Colonial Economies

Focused on raw materials and controlled by European powers

Meiji Restoration

Japan modernized using Western ideas

Opium Trade (China)

Britain sold opium to China, causing addiction and economic problems

World War I Causes

Militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism

Trench Warfare

Fighting from trenches during WWI

World War II Differences

More deadly, faster, civilians targeted

Blitzkrieg

Fast German attack strategy using speed and surprise

Germany Unification (1870)

Created a powerful nation that disrupted Europe's balance

Fascism

Government with a dictator, strong nationalism, and control through force

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany

Benito Mussolini

Leader of Fascist Italy

Great Depression Cause

Stock market crash and bank failures

Soviet Union (Depression)

Less affected due to controlled economy

Treaty of Versailles

Blamed Germany for WWI and forced harsh penalties

Mao Zedong

Leader of Communist China

Great Leap Forward

Failed attempt to rapidly industrialize China

Cultural Revolution

Movement to remove enemies of communism in China

Glasnost

Policy of openness in the Soviet Union

Cold War

Tension between U.S. and USSR without direct war

NATO

Alliance of Western countries

Warsaw Pact

Alliance of communist countries

Proxy Wars

Conflicts where major powers support different sides

Korean War

Cold War conflict between North (communist) and South Korea

Vietnam War

Conflict to stop spread of communism in Vietnam

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear standoff between U.S. and USSR

Berlin Wall

Symbol of division between East and West Germany

Decolonization

Colonies gaining independence

Population Growth

Increase due to better medicine and food

Urbanization

Growth of cities, often causing overcrowding and slums

Globalization

Increasing connections between countries worldwide