Human A&P Final pt.1

What does the thymus do

Releases a hormone that helps T lymphocytes mature

How does the thymus change with age

Large in infancy and shrinks with age

What is innate immunity

Nonspecific defense you are born with

Example of innate immunity

Skin and enzymes

What is adaptive immunity

Specific defense developed over time

Example of adaptive immunity

Flu shot

What are the four main functions of the digestive system

Ingestion digestion absorption and elimination

What is ingestion

Taking in food

What is digestion

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

What is absorption

Movement of nutrients into blood or lymph

What is elimination

Removal of indigestible waste

What is mechanical digestion

Breaks food into smaller pieces without changing composition

What is chemical digestion

Uses enzymes to break food into simpler chemicals

What is the alimentary canal

Digestive tract from mouth to anus

Other names for alimentary canal

GI tract digestive tract gut

What are the layers of the alimentary canal

Mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa

What is segmentation

Mixing movement in small intestine

What is churning

Mixing movement in stomach

What is peristalsis

Movement that pushes food forward

What does sympathetic stimulation do to digestion

Inhibits digestion

What does parasympathetic stimulation do to digestion

Increases digestion

What is mastication

Chewing food

What does the tongue do

Moves food and contains taste buds

What is the lingual frenulum

Connects tongue to floor of mouth

What is the palate

Roof of the mouth

Difference between hard and soft palate

Hard is front soft is back

What does the uvula do

Prevents food from entering nasal cavity

How many primary teeth are there

20

How many permanent teeth are there

32

Function of incisors

Cutting

Function of canines

Tearing

Function of premolars and molars

Grinding

What is enamel

Hardest substance protecting teeth

What are dental caries

Cavities in enamel

What do salivary glands do

Moisten food and begin carbohydrate digestion

What enzyme starts carb digestion

Amylase

Which gland is largest salivary gland

Parotid gland

What does the large intestine do

Absorbs water

Where are nutrients mainly absorbed

Small intestine

What are the three parts of the pharynx

Nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

What is a bolus

Food mixed with saliva

What is the esophagus

Tube connecting throat to stomach

What is a sphincter

Muscle that controls movement between areas

What does the lower esophageal sphincter do

Prevents backflow of food

What is heartburn

Backflow of stomach contents into esophagus

What is chyme

Food mixed with stomach acid

What shape is the stomach

J shaped

What are gastric folds

Folds that allow stomach to expand

What do parietal cells secrete

Hydrochloric acid

What do chief cells secrete

Pepsinogen

What are the four major macromolecules

Carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids

What is a monomer

Small subunit of a macromolecule

What do carbohydrates break down into

Monosaccharides

What do proteins break down into

Amino acids

What do lipids break down into

Fatty acids

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates

Amylase

What enzyme breaks down proteins

Protease

What enzyme breaks down fats

Lipase

Where does carb digestion begin

Mouth

What does salivary amylase do

Breaks starch into disaccharides

What does pancreatic amylase do

Continues starch digestion

What must carbs be broken into for absorption

Monosaccharides

Where does protein digestion begin

Stomach

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Hydrochloric acid

What does pepsin do

Breaks down proteins

Where are most nutrients absorbed

Small intestine

What form are proteins absorbed as

Amino acids

What helps break down fats

Bile and pancreatic lipase

What is bile

Substance that emulsifies fats

What does emulsify mean

Breaks fats into smaller droplets

What does pancreatic lipase do

Breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Where do fats go first after digestion

Lymphatic system

What does the liver produce

Bile

What does the liver do

Detoxifies harmful substances