Political Ideologies - Weeks 1 to 6

Flashcards covering the definitions and key concepts of political ideologies from Weeks 1 to 6 of the lecture notes.

Ideology

A doctrine or set of ideas explaining political arrangements and justifying or preserving social/political affairs.

Shallow Ideology

Imposed ideas that distort lived experience.

Deep Ideology

Derived from lived experience; reflects fundamental beliefs.

Four functions of ideology

Explanatory, Evaluative, Orientative, and Programmatic.

Triadic model of freedom

A model consisting of three components: Agent, Obstacle, and Goal.

Conservatism

A political ideology based on tradition, authority, community, and incremental change.

Liberalism

A political ideology prioritizing individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and limited government interference.

Socialism

A political ideology focused on social equality, collective welfare, and economic equality.

Communism

An extreme form of socialism resulting in a classless, stateless society with collective ownership.

Fascism

Far-right nationalism characterized by authoritarianism, glorification of the leader, and racial purity.

Anarchism

The belief in a stateless society where government is seen as inherently oppressive and rejection of all hierarchy.

Classical Liberalism

Prioritizes individual liberty, private property, limited government, and free markets.

John Locke

Philosopher who emphasized natural rights including life, liberty, and property.

Adam Smith

Contributor to economic liberalism and the concept of free markets.

John Stuart Mill

Emphasized liberty, autonomy, and minimal government interference.

Wilfrid Laurier

Liberal leader associated with free trade, limited government, and economic integration.

Fragment theory

The theory that settlers brought fragments of European culture rather than whole traditions to new lands.

Hartz–Horowitz theory

Suggests Canadian political culture was shaped by social democracy, nationalism, and Marxism.

Reciprocity Agreement (1854)

A free-trade pact with the U.S. supported by liberals.

Responsible Government

A system where the government is accountable to elected representatives.

Economic Liberalization

A focus on free trade and minimal state interference in the economy.

Welfare Liberalism

Liberalism that includes government intervention to promote equality and social welfare.

Negative Liberty

Freedom from interference.

Positive Liberty

The freedom to achieve well-being.

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory suggesting the government manages the economy to prevent crashes.

Mackenzie King

Prime Minister who contributed unemployment insurance, pensions, and early healthcare.

Pearson

Prime Minister responsible for welfare reforms including universal healthcare, CPP, and student loans.

Justin Trudeau

Liberal leader associated with policies like the child benefit, carbon pricing, and expanded social programs.

Tainted blood scandal

An event that exposed failures in government oversight and led to reforms in the blood system.

MAID legalization timeline

Proceeded from Rodriguez to Carter v Canada, resulting in Bill C-14 in 2016.

Traditionalist Conservatism

Focuses on social stability, respect for institutions, and incremental change.

Libertarian Conservatism

Emphasizes individual freedom, free markets, and minimal government.

Neoconservatism

Focuses on national identity, economic liberalization, and an assertive foreign policy.

Ideology of Imperfection

The belief that human nature is flawed and therefore requires stable institutions.

Toryism

Loyalty to the Crown, tradition, community, hierarchy, and gradual reform.

Edmund Burke

Believed human nature is flawed and emphasized the need for stable institutions.

Macdonald’s National Policy

A policy featuring high tariffs, railway expansion, and economic nationalism.

Cartier

Supported Confederation while protecting French culture, religion, and language.

Borden

Leader during WWI who introduced conscription and income tax.

R.B. Bennett’s “New Deal”

An attempt to implement welfare reforms during the Great Depression.

Democratic Conservatism

Conservatism that operates through democratic institutions, the rule of law, and incremental reform.

Constitutionalism

The concept that power is limited by written or unwritten constitutional rules.

Broadening the Franchise

Expanding voting rights to strengthen the conservative order.

Libertarianism

Core beliefs include negative liberty, self-ownership, minimal state, and free markets.

Diefenbaker

Known for the Canadian Bill of Rights and the protection of civil liberties.

Mulroney

Conservative leader who pursued major actions like FTA/NAFTA and constitutional reform attempts.

Harper

Focus on economic management, tax cuts, tough-on-crime policies, and moderated populism.

PPC (People's Party of Canada)

A libertarian-populist, anti-interventionist, and nationalist ideology.

Democratic Socialism

The aim to reform capitalism through democratic means and a strong welfare state.

Revolutionary Socialism

The pursuit of social change by any means necessary.

Labour Theory of Value

The theory that value arises from human labour combined with natural resources.

Alienation (Marx)

The worker’s disconnection from their labour, the product, and their self.

Commodity Fetishism

The social treatment of products as if they create themselves, hiding the labour behind them.

CCF

Founded by J.S. Woodsworth in 1932; the precursor to the NDP.

NDP

Formed in 1961 from the CCF.

Tommy Douglas

Known for introducing Medicare and democratic socialism in Saskatchewan.

Waffle movement

A radical socialist faction within the NDP that was removed by David Lewis.

Progressive Taxation

A system where wealthier individuals pay a proportionally higher amount of tax.

Universal Basic Income (UBI)

A guaranteed income provided to all citizens.