Clinical: Community Psychology and Consultation

False

True or False: Community psychology stresses treatment over prevention

Community Psychology

This branch of psychology is derived from the field of public health

Primary

This type of prevention aims to reduce prevalence of disorders by decreasing new cases

Primary

This type of prevention targets programs and strategies that are available to all members of an identified group or population

Primary

Examples of this type of prevention include immunization programs, prenatal nutrition programs, “Meals on Wheels,” and DARE

Secondary

This type of prevention aims to reduce prevalence of disorders by reducing duration through early detection and intervention

Secondary

This type of prevention targets specific individuals with appropriate treatments

Secondary

Examples of this type of prevention include screening tests for learning disabilities in elementary school, pap smears for cervical cancer, COVID-19 contact tracing, and PHQ-9 surveys at PCP

Tertiary

This type of prevention aims to reduce the duration and consequence of disorders

Tertiary

Examples of this type of prevention include rehabilitation programs, support groups, NAMI’s Family to Family, etc.

Education and Preventative Care

These are the two main techniques used in community psychology

Education

The goal of this technique in community psychology is to 1) reduce health problems by increasing preventative activities, and 2) improve the care of the ill by educating the public about the nature of disorders/ treatment

True

True or False: Some research indicates that education is better at sharing information than changing behavior

True

True or False: Some research suggests that public health education can both inform and change behavior (e.g., mass media campaigns)

Adolescence

Research suggests that peer norms can be effective for changing health-related behavior, particularly in this time period

Health Belief Model

This model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by 1) the person’s readiness to take a particular action, which depends on their perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of illness’s consequences, 2) perceived benefits and costs of a particular response, and 3) internal and external “cues of action” (e.g., health of family, advice from others, media campaigns, etc.)

Health Belief Model

This model implies that behavior can be modified by targeting people’s knowledge and/or motivation to act

Cues of Action

Within the Health Belief Model, these may include health of family members, advice from others, mass media campaigns, etc.

True

True or False: According to the Health Belief Model, a person will be more likely to engage in healthy behaviors if they perceive an illness as having severe consequences

False

True or False: According to the Health Belief Model, a person will be more likely to engage in healthy behaviors if they perceive those behaviors as having low benefits and high costs

Health Locus of Control Model

This model posits that health-related behaviors are based on perceived ability to affect change

Health Locus of Control Model

This model implies that that behavior can be modified by targeting people’s sense of personal responsibility and control

Consultation

This is a process in which a human services professional assists a person/group with a work-related or care-taking related problem with a client system, with the goal of helping both the person/ group and client system in a specified way

Organizational Consultation

This type of consultation adopts a systems approach and defines the entire organization as the consultee

Advocacy Consultation

This type of consultation requires a consultant to adopt an explicit value orientation in order to foster the goals of a disenfranchised group

Entry

This is the first stage of consultation

Entry

This stage of consultation involves identifying consultee needs, contracting, and physically and psychologically joining the system

Resistance

Resistance is most common, although not exclusive to, this stage of consultation

Resistance

In consultation, this can be reduced by 1) publicly clarifying the nature of the consultant’s services and 2) by establishing a strong collaborative relationship with the consultee

True

True or False: Resistance from consultees can be healthy and represent a normal response to demands for change

Diagnosis

This is the second stage of consultation

Diagnosis

This stage of consultation involves gathering information, defining the problem, setting goals, and generating possible interventions

Diagnosis

This stage of consultation may involve reviewing documents and records, administering questionnaires and surveys, conducting interviews, and direct observation

Implementation

This is the third stage of consultation

Implementation

This stage of consultation involves choosing an intervention, formulating a plan, and carrying out the plan

Disengagement

This is the fourth stage in consultation

Disengagement

This stage of consultation involves evaluating the consultation, planning post-consultation matters, reducing involvement and follow-up, and termination

Mental Health Consultation

This type of consultation was derived from the medical/ psychiatric model and is largely attributable to the work of Gerald Caplan (1970)

Gerald Caplan

This person is known for his work in mental health consultation, including devising its four main types

Client-Centered Case Consultation

This type of mental health consultation involves working with the consultee to develop a plan that will enable the consultee to work more effectively with a particular client; in it, the consultant acts as the expert

Consultee-Centered Case Consultation

This type of mental health consultation involves working with the consultee to enhance service delivery to a particular population or group of clients; its emphasis is on the consultee’s skills, knowledge, abilities, and/or objectivity

Theme Interference

A type of transference that occurs when a past unresolved conflict related to a particular type of client or circumstance is evoked by and interferes with the consultee’s current situation

Program-Centered Administrative Consultation

This type of mental health consultation involves working with one or more administrators (consultees) to resolve problems related to an existing program

Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation

This type of mental health consultation involves helping administrative-level personnel improve their professional functioning so that they can be more effective in the future with regard to program development, implementation, and evaluation

True

True or False: Unlike in supervision, a consultant may or may not share a profession with the consultee

False

True or False: Consultants tend to hold administrative responsibility and power over consultees

Parallel Process

This occurs when a therapist replicates problems and symptoms with a supervisor that are being manifested by the therapist’s client; within a psychodynamic framework, it is described as an extension of transference, countertransference, and projection

Readiness

The Health Belief Model emphasizes the individual’s ___ to take action

Secondary

This type of prevention is characterized by “screen and intervene”

Tertiary

This type of prevention is characterized by “educate and rehabilitate”

Primary

This type of prevention is characterized by “stop it before it starts”