Functional groups + substituent names

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Last updated 9:42 PM on 4/23/26
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31 Terms

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Alkane

lack of other functional groups, only single bonded carbon and hydrogen.

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Alkene

carbon-carbon double bond; R can be carbon chains or hydrogen.

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alkyne

carbon-carbon triple bond; R can be carbon chains or hydrogen.

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arene

alternating carbon-carbon single and double bonds in a ring; can have multiple R groups

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alcohol

OH group with R group attached; R is a carbon chain, but not a carbonyl (C=O)

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ether

oxygen with R groups attached; R is a carbon chain, but not a carbonyl (C=O), R groups can be the same or different

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epoxide

Three-membered ring with oxygen (cyclic ether); R groups be carbon chains or hydrogen.

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amine

N with three R groups attached; at least one R must be a carbon chain, but not a carbonyl. R groups can be the same or different.

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azide

three nitrogen atoms double bonded with one R group attached.

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nitrile

carbon-nitrogen triple bond with one R group attached.

<p>nitrile</p><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">carbon-nitrogen triple bond with one R group attached.</span></p>
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aldehyde

Carbonyl (C=O) with one R group and one hydrogen attached.

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ketone

Carbonyl with two R groups attached. R groups can be the same or different.

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ester

Carbonyl with one R group and one OR group attached. R group attached to oxygen must be a carbon group. R groups can be the same or different.

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carboxylic acid

Carbonyl with one R group and one OH group attached. Not considered an alcohol.

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acyl halide

Carbonyl with one R group and one halogen (X) attached.

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amide

Similar to amine, except one group attached to nitrogen is a carbonyl group.

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thiol

Similar to an alcohol, except it contains sulfur instead of oxygen. R group is a carbon chain, but not a carbonyl.

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halide

Any halogen attached to a R group. R group is a carbon chain, but not a carbonyl.

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Methane

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methyl

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Ethane

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Ethyl

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Propane

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n-propyl

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Iso-propyl

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butane

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Iso-butane

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N-butyl

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sec-butyl

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t-butyl

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iso-butyl