Unit 5/6 study

What are the two types of reactions in metabolism?

Catabolic and anabolic reactions.

Which type of reaction is exergonic?

Catabolic reaction.

Which type of reaction is endergonic?

Anabolic reaction.

How is an exergonic reaction coupled to an endergonic reaction?

Through ATP.

How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?

It lowers activation energy.

What do you get when you combine a cofactor with an apoenzyme?

Holoenzyme.

What type of inhibition occurs when a drug alters the shape of the active site of an enzyme?

Noncompetitive inhibition.

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Substrate-P + ADP → Product + ATP.

What are two ways a cell can produce energy in the absence of oxygen?

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration.

How many ATPs are produced by fermentation using one molecule of glucose?

2 ATPs.

What are the net ATP, NADH, and CO2 produced in glycolysis?

Net 2 ATPs (substrate-level phosphorylation), 2 NADH.

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

2 CO2, 2 NADH.

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATPs (substrate-level phosphorylation).

How many ATPs are produced in oxidative phosphorylation from NADH?

30 ATPs from 10 NADHs (1 NADH = 3 ATPs).

How many ATPs are produced in oxidative phosphorylation from FADH2?

4 ATPs from 2 FADH2 (1 FADH2 = 2 ATPs).

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

They lower the energy of activation of reactions.

Which molecule links catabolic and anabolic reactions together?

ATP.

Where do photoautotrophs get energy and carbon?

Energy from the sun and carbon from the air.

What is one method by which obligate anaerobes produce ATP?

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration.

What is one method by which aerotolerants produce ATP?

Fermentation.

What are all the possible final electron acceptors used by a facultative anaerobe?

a. Sulfate; b. Carbonate; c. Nitrate; d. Oxygen; e. An organic molecule.

What is the overall role of ATP in metabolism?

Links catabolic and anabolic reactions.

What is the main function of enzymes?

To lower activation energy and speed up reactions.

What does a holoenzyme consist of?

A cofactor and an apoenzyme.

Describe the difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration.

Fermentation does not use electron transport chains, whereas anaerobic respiration does.