INDG 101 - Quiz 1

"what year did the term ""aboriginal"" replace ""indian"" as the approriate term?"

1982

"what year was the term ""indigenous"" adopted as the preferred term?"

2016

geographic areas that are identified by a first nation as land they or their ancestors historically occupied are called _____ territories

traditional

"what does the term ""ancestral"" mean in regards to indigenous land?"

the land was inherited from the ancestors of the first nations people

"what does ""unceded land"" in regards to first nations territories mean?"

land that was never legally signed away or surrendered to the crown

according to article 33 in the UN declaration on Indigenous rights, what is the importance of self-identification

Indigenous peoples define their own identity and power

"what is the main problem of a ""single story"" as described by chimamanda ngozi adichie?"

it reduces a group of people to a single streotype and undermines their diversity

what does the tern nkali mean?

to be greater than another, the power to decide which stories become dominant

how does colonization differ from colonialism?

colonization is the physical act of expansion and military force, while colonialism is the underlying philosophy and outcome

what are the three main components of colonialism? 

oppression, dispossession, and dependence

what is the objective of settler colonialism?

to assert dominance over land and resources by replacing indigenous systems with colonial ones

why is the term settler used to denaturalize the presence of non-Indigenous peoples?

it helps to highlight that colonial settlement is ongoing instead of historical 

in regards to settler identity, what are the exceptions to the term settler?

black people and non-black people of color who were forcibly removed from their own lands

what is the perfect stranger narrative used to justify?

settler ignorance or fear of indigenous history and people

what is the mi'kmaq meaning of etuaptmumk?

two-eyed seeing

what is the methodology of two-eyed seeing?

viewing the world through indigenous ways of knowing with one eye and western ways with the other

according to the doctrine of discovery, which lands were available for european monarchs to claim?

any land that was not currently inhabited by christians

what does terra nullius mean?

"it's latin and means ""land without owners"" or ""empty land"" and it's used to justify taking indigenous territories "

what is the purpose of the 1493 papal bull inter caetera?

it allowed for the spanish crown to be granted the disovered land and set boundaries for colonial jurisdiction

"the 19th century idea that the united states had a god-given right to expand and bring ""civilization"" is reffered to as…."

manifest destiny

What are the four strands of peoplehood?

language, sacred history, ceremonial cycle, and territory

what are the three major parts of the royal proclamation of 1763 regarding access to land?

treaties were required before settlement, squatters were to be removed, and treaties required indigenous consent

according to the royal proclamation of 1763, who is the only group allowed to buy land from first nations?

the crown

what is the importance of section 91(24) of the british north america act of 1867?

it made the federal government responsible for indians and lands reserved for the indians

under section 92 of the BNA act, what issues became provinical responsibility?

resources, housing, and healthcare

in what year was the first indian act adopted in canada?

1876

what was the primary goal of the indian act? (according to duncan campbell scott?)

the total assimilation of indigenous people into the canadian body

under the amendments made to the indian act in 1884, what indigenous ceremony was officially banned in bc?

the potlach

in what year were the indigenous people allowed to vote in federal elections without any conditions?

1960

what does fiduciary duty mean?

a legal obligation to act and make decisions in the best interest of first nations regarding their lands

the supreme court case r.v.guerin in 1984 established what responsibility for the crown?

fiduciary responsibility towards first nation reserve lands

what section of the constitution act of 1982 defines aboriginal peoples as including indian, inuit and metis?

section 35

the 1997 supreme court ruiling in delgamuukw v. regine validated what type of evidence?

oral traditional narratives/histories

what hidden agenda's were present during the negotiation of treaty 6 in 1876?

the canadian government was also creating the indian act at the same time to have more power over the indigenous people

what was the indigenous understanding of the land agreement in treaty 6?

the land was to be shared between the two parties, not surrendered completely

which animal was mass-killed by settlers as a colonial tool to starve indigenous communities?

the buffalo

what was the pass system enforced by the canadian government?

a policy confining indigenous people to the reserves unless they had written permission to leave

the 1969 white paper proposed to eliminate what legal status?

indian status

what was the indigenous response to the 1969 white paper?

protests, and the formation of political advocacy organizations like the national indian brotherhood

which indigenous legal concept is symbolized by the dish with one spoon treaty?

shared responsibility to care for the territory and it's resources without conflict

between 1842 and 1844, what commission recommended the seperation of indigenous children from their families?

the bagot commission

who was the chief superintendent of education in 1847 who recommended industrial boarding schools for indigenous children?

egerton ryerson

the 1879 report that recommended a christian foundation for industrial schools was written by…

nicholas flood davin

in 1920 what amendment was made to the indian act that involved first nations children?

made attendance at residential schools mandatory

"who said the phrase ""kill the indian in him, and save the man'""?"

colonel richard h. pratt

what was the primary leading cause of death in residential schools?

tuberculosis

in 1907 who reported that the health conditions in residential schools were a national crime?

chief medical officer dr.peter bryce

what was the sixties scoop?

the mass removal of indigenous children from their families and into the foster care/adoption system (1961-1980s)

what is the millennium scoop?

the overrepersentation of indigenous children in the canadian child welfare system

what was the truth and reconciliation commission (trc) created to do?

document the history of residential schools and support reconciliation efforts through the calls to action (94 calls to action)

what year did the canadian government issue it's first formal apology for the residential school system?

2008

what is jordans principle meant to do?

ensure that first nations children reveive essential services first, and have government funding disputes resolved later

what is joyce's principle?

a call for equitable, anti-racist, and culturally safe healthcare for indigenous peoples

disenfranchised grief meaning

grief that is ignored or not publicly recognized such as families not being told when their children died at residential school

what is ambigous loss?

unresolved distress when a loved one is missing without knowing anything or having clear answers

what is restitution in regards to the indigenous relationship with settlers?

the return of land and repairing harms caused by colonial dispossession

what is the pedagogy of discomfort?

the idea that meaningful learning requires settlers to confront their privilege and colonial compliance

what is the difference in the western view of nature as compared to the indigneous view?

western views: conquerable/controllable
indigenous views: relational and interdependent

According to the indigenous peoples who is responsible for teaching the children on how to live a good life?

the whole community and the adults within

what are indian hospitals?

racially segregated hospitals that were underfunded and this is where indigenous people were often experimented on

what was the purpose of the 1885 pass system?

to control movement and prevent the indigenous resistance following the northwest resistance

who was cindy blackstock?

she was the president of the first nations child and family caring society who fought the government over child wefare funding

why is neglect a problematic label for first nations families in child welfare?

It often treats poverty and housing issues as personal problems rather than recognizing the systemic causes

In the pawnee seed story what did the seeds remember? 

the land they came from originally

why is the term natural resources considered non-neutral when it comes to indigenous studies?

it makes the assumption that nature should only be used for human profit and ignores the spirtual and relational connections

what is the term wilderness used for in terms of colonial myths?

"the myth that the land was empty and untouched by humans before europeans arrived (reffering to the indigenous peoples as ""not human"")"

what does the indigenous concept of peoplehood mean?

a collective identity that exists regardless of blood or language

the bc treaty commission (1992) deals with what type of agreements?

tripartite agreements between first nations, the federal government, and the provincial government

why is it best to use an active voice when discussing colonial history?

it identifies specific actors and assigns responsibility instead of making events seem like accidents

what is the seven generations principle? (haudensaunee law)

the idea that current decisions must consider the impact on people seven generations into the future

what are the main purposes of the potlach?

to distribute wealth, publicly recognize status, and validate family rights and inheritance

which historical event in 1885 led to the hanging of eight cree warriors including wandering spirit?

the frog lake resistance (or the frog lake massacre)

what was the main reason the treaty 6 leaders asked for medicine chests?

to make sure they had health care support during periods of starvation and disease

what is the meaning of welali in mi'kmaq?

"""I'll do my best"""

how did residential schools impact indigenous parenting?

it caused intergenerational trauma and interupted the traditional parenting practices

what is the white man's burden?

it's a racist 19th century ideology that is used to justify imperialism as a benevolent duty to civilize others

wht can't canada be prosecuted for genocide under international law for residential schools?

because canada excluded the forcible transfer of children clause from it's domestic ratification of the un convention

what is positionality?

consciously acknowledging your identity and worldview in relation to society and different power structures

how did the canadian government use marriage as an assimilation tool?

principles arranged marriages between former students to make sure they didn't go back to their old lifestyles

what was the national day of truth and reconciliation (2021) meant to accomplish?

it's supposed to recognize the legacy of residential schools, the survivors, their families, and the communities affected

what does sui generis mean?

it means the right to the land is unique and different from the standard private property interest

how is historical trauma different from individual trauma?

historical trauma is collective emotional harm that impacts an entire community across different generations

The ________ system was a colonial adminsitrative tool that didn't allow first nations people from hiring lawyers until 1951

indian act

what does critical hope mean?

hopw that is grounded in reality, acknowledges injustice, and motivates action toward structural change

what is the main reason of circle talk?

it creates a sacred space for teaching, learning, and making decisions through a consensus

the 1975 james bay and northern quebec treaty is often called the….

first modern treaty in canada

why is the bc treaty process described as a sham?

it assumes crown ownership from the start rather than acknowledging that the indigenous title has never surrendered

which indigenous nation practices trapline systems as a form of governance and wildlife management?

the eeyou (james bay cree)

what is the reason for the sixties scoop settlement?

it's meant to compensate for the loss of cultural identity and trauma experienced by the indigenous children that were placed in foster care/adopted by non-indigenous families

why were residential school records destroyed between 1936 and 1944?

to hide the true amount of student deaths that occured

what did the international court of justice rule in the 1972 western sahara case in regards to the idea of terra nullius?

it rejected the idea that indigenous lands were 'empty' and required treaties for entry

which 19th century prime minister commissioned the report on us industrial schools to model the canadian system?

sir john a. macdonald

what is the meaning of epigenetics?

the biological transmission of trauma across genes through different changes in gene expression