PSCY Summer 2070 Exam 3

From the standpoint of intersectionality, which adolescent is statistically likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

Cindy, an Asian American female

What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents?

Peer groups

Nellie wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out. Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat, and sure enough, she continues to strike out. Nellie is caught in a __________.

Cycle of failure

Ernie looks to his peer group as a source of information to evaluate the appropriateness of his own opinions, abilities, behavior, and expertise. Ernie is engaged in __________.

Social comparison

According to Eli Ginzberg’s theory of career choice, people begin to weigh job requirements, their own abilities and interests, and their personal values and goals during the __________ period.

Tentative

When Doyle was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a police officer. But just a year later, Doyle told everybody that he wanted to be an astronaut. A few years passed, and when he was around 11 years old, he wanted to be a professional jai alai player. According to Eli Ginzberg, Doyle is in the __________ period of career choice.

Fantasy

People who work for tangible rewards, such as money or prestige, are said to have __________ motivation; those who work for their own enjoyment are said to have __________ motivation.

Extrinsic; intrinsic

Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have __________.

Input into the nature and operation of their jobs

Frustration and disillusionment with one’s job is frequently a symptom of __________, the feeling that one’s efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems.

Burnout

An infant who fusses and kicks when a parent enters the room to signal being hungry is demonstrating an understanding that parents are __________, self-directed beings who can respond to requests.

Compliant agents

Compared to the others, which aspect of a child’s self-concept develops first?

Gender identity

Cross-cultural studies of infants document that the timing of the development of self-recognition is strongly influenced by __________.

The cultural environment

The ability to distinguish the views of others from their own views in defining their identities typically begins to develop during __________.

Adolescence

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage of development.

Identity-versus-identity-confusion

According to psychologist James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called __________.

Identity foreclosure

Which general outcomes related to social progression did psychologist Ravenna Helson identify in her research investigating women’s social roles?

Both women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career generally demonstrated positive changes in personality development.

Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self, self-esteem is focused more on __________ considerations.

Emotional

Compared with younger workers, middle-aged workers are more interested in __________.

The here-and-now qualities of the work situation

Which statement directed toward an older person applying for a job is an example of age discrimination?

“Sorry, but we’re looking for new ideas and high energy in our workforce.”

One characteristic of psychologist Alfred Binet’s classic work on intelligence testing that has survived to the present day is __________.

A pragmatic rather than theoretical approach to measuring intelligence

The __________ is a particularly flexible intelligence test that permits the administrator to paraphrase questions, pose them in a different language, and use gestures to help children understand the test.

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

Compared to the others, which situation is extremely UNLIKELY?

A valid test is not reliable

Compared to the others, which intelligence test was specifically designed to be culture-fair in its application?

Raven Progressive Matrices Test

According to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the __________ component accounts for the demands of everyday, real-world environments.

Contextual

The __________, created by Arnold Gesell, provides a summary of an infant’s overall competence in comparison to others of a similar age.

Developmental quotient

__________ is the ability to identify a stimulus previously experienced through only one sense by using another sense.

Cross-modal transference

An assessment of a student’s likelihood of academic success in college, such as the SAT or ACT, is an example of a(n) __________ test.

Aptitude

A mathematics test that uses questions from the realms of banking, international finance, and the stock market is likely to favor members of which group, compared to the others?

Students from affluent family backgrounds

Why does brain functioning begin to change in middle adulthood?

Some of the genes that are vital to learning, memory, and mental flexibility begin to function less efficiently as early as age 40.

When applied to children with special needs, the term least restrictive environment refers to __________.

The educational setting most similar to that of children without special needs

According to professional classifications, an intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and __________.

Adaptive behavior

People with IQ scores in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 are classified as having __________ intellectual disability.

Mild

Children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership, or specific academic fields are referred to as __________ according to US federal government standards.

Gifted and talented

In Casey’s gifted and talented program, she remains at grade level but attends special programs and uses individualized activities to match her abilities. This program uses the __________ approach.

Enrichment

Which outcome is an important legacy left by Alfred Binet’s work on intelligence testing?

A focus on linking intelligence with academic success

In the __________, an orally administered test, young children may be asked questions about their everyday activities or asked to copy complex figures.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5)

Which of the following is an advantage of group-administered tests, when compared to individually administered tests?

They are more efficient and less expensive to administer

Reggie wants to develop a brief measure of intelligence, and he knows that people who collect vinyl LP record albums are generally smart, so he devises a set of five questions that ask about recording techniques, mastering labs, years of release, and so on. Which attribute does Reggie’s intelligence test LACK?

Reliability, validity, and cultural fairness

When it comes to intelligence, some people say there is no substitute for experience. Which concept reflects this perspective?

Crystallized intelligence

One advantage of measures of information processing in infants, such as speed of processing and visual recognition memory, compared to developmental measures, is that information processing assessments __________.

Are better predictors of future IQ test performance

An assessment of a student’s knowledge of the Spanish language is an example of a(n) __________ test.

Achievement

A language arts test that uses examples of bus and subway schedules to measure reading comprehension is likely to favor members of which group, compared to the others?

Students from urban communities

K. Warner Schaie’s investigations of intelligence in older people found that, in general, as people age __________.

Crystallized intelligence remains steady

One problem with using cross-sectional studies to investigate intelligence across different ages is that results may be skewed by __________.

Cohort effects

According to the principles of __________, exceptional children are taught in a regular classroom except in cases where their exceptionality would affect their learning.

Mainstreaming

The most common biological causes of intellectual disability are __________.

Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome

Sara has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, signifying that she has __________ intellectual disability.

Profound

Longitudinal research investigating giftedness found that gifted people tended to be __________ than their non-gifted peers.

Healthier

Edweena’s gifted and talented program permits her to move through the curriculum at her own pace and even to skip a grade if she shows the ability to do so. Her program uses the __________ approach.

Acceleration

One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: secure, avoidant, __________, and disorganized-disoriented.

Ambivalent

Communication that involves __________, in which the caregiver and child experience matching emotional states, helps to produce a beneficial attachment pattern.

Interactional synchrony

In situations where the development of attachment has been severely disrupted, children may suffer from __________, a relatively rare condition that usually is the result of abuse or neglect.

Reactive attachment disorder

At __________ months of age, infants first begin to mutually present and accept toys to one another, particularly if they know each other.

9–12

__________ fire not only when a child enacts a particular behavior but also when the child simply observes another person carrying out the same behavior.

Mirror neurons

__________, the wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person, arises as an infant’s capacity for memory increases.

Stranger anxiety

Herlinda is watching her siblings as she sits in her highchair. Her siblings begin to poke and pinch each other in a playful manner. Herlinda looks toward her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other children, so Herlinda begins to smile, too. Herlinda is engaged in __________.

Social referencing

The ability to genuinely experience the emotions of others, known as __________, develops in middle childhood.

Empathy

Being unpopular, having few close friends, and being the target of bullying are all associated with adolescent __________.

Depression

__________ theory proposes that happiness in late adulthood involves a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

Disengagement

According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, who conducted a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, about what percentage of children were found to be “easy babies”?

40 percent

Erik Erikson’s notions were built on the __________, which places unconscious influences at the forefront of forces that affect our behavior.

Psychodynamic perspective

According to Erik Erikson, we pass through the __________ stage in the first 18 months of life, the outcome of which largely depends on how well our caretakers have met our needs.

Trust-versus-mistrust

Most research has not found support for Daniel Levinson’s theory that adults in their forties experience a __________, a stage of uncertainty and indecision as they realize that life is finite.

Midlife crisis

Which of the Big Five traits means being organized and responsible?

Conscientiousness

__________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

Attachment

The attachment style in which infants appear indifferent to their caregiver’s behavior is known as __________.

Avoidant

__________ is one example of 14-month-old infants’ social interactions with peers.

Imitation

Research investigating emotional expressions conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicates that most mothers thought __________.

Their child had expressed interest and joy

By the age of 4 months, infants use __________ to interpret others’ facial expressions.

Nonverbal decoding

As children grow and the brain matures, they develop __________, as they become more insightful about the motives and reasons behind people’s behavior.

Theory of mind

Although both adolescents and adults viewing pictures of faces displaying different emotions showed activation of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, compared with adults, adolescents showed ________ activity than adults in __________.

More; other areas of the brain

Girls’ generally higher levels of depression in adolescence may reflect gender differences in coping with __________.

Stress

Rosalita, 70, enjoys swimming laps at the city pool, traveling to new foreign countries, and having lunch with friends each week. Rosalita’s lifestyle is an example of __________ theory.

Activity

__________ refers to how children behave rather than what they do or why they do it.

Temperament

Erik Erikson’s notions of psychosocial development suggest that developmental change occurs throughout life in __________ distinct stages, starting in infancy.

Eight

During Erik Erikson’s __________ stage, preschoolers face conflicts between their desire to act independently of their caregivers and the guilt that comes from the unintended consequences of their actions.

Initiative-versus-guilt

According to Robert Peck, which activity is one of the developmental tasks of late adulthood?

Redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role

Saul enjoys socializing with others and is a great host. He always makes sure his houseguests are comfortable and have what they need, and he greets both lifelong friends and new acquaintances with the same warmth and enthusiasm. Saul is likely to score __________ on measures of the Big Five personality dimensions.

High on extraversion and high on agreeableness

Ruthie is compassionate, trusting, and helpful to others. Her friends seek her out for advice, knowing she’ll provide a sympathetic ear and a caring perspective. On which of the Big Five personality dimensions is Ruthie most likely to score at the high end?

Agreeableness

According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are risk-takers and have good leadership skills are described as __________.

Enterprising

Which statement about immigrants in the United States is true?

Given time, immigrants contribute more to the economy than they take away.

According to psychiatrist George Vaillant, young adults reach a stage called __________, in which they focus on their professional achievements.

Career consolidation

During middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more __________.

Differentiated

During adolescence, self-concept becomes increasingly accurate. What effect does this have on adolescents’ self-esteem?

It leads to a clearer self-assessment, which may be positive or negative.

Sixth-grader Broderick, a low-achieving student, compares his school grades with those of less-able students in his class, whereas Enzo, a high achiever, compares his grades with those of his academic peers. Broderick has higher academic self-esteem than Enzo. Broderick’s strategy in this regard is known as __________.

Downward social comparison

According to psychologist James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called __________.

Identity foreclosure

Minority group members who draw on their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture are examples of the __________ model.

Bicultural identity

According to professional classifications, an intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and __________.

Adaptive behavior

People with IQ scores in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 are classified as having __________ intellectual disability.

Mild

Children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership, or specific academic fields are referred to as __________ according to US federal government standards.

Gifted and talented