Ch. 46 Pt. 1-2 (animal reproduction)

asexual/sexual reproduction + male reproduction

advantages & disadvantages of asexual reproduction

advantages→less dangerous, less energy, faster

disadvantages→offspring prone to environmental changes bc low genetic diversity

advantages & disadvantages of sexual reproduction

advantages→more genetic diversity, can thrive in diff environments

disadvantages→more energy, more time

what are the types of asexual reproduction?

1) fission

2) budding

3) fragmentation
4) parthenogenesis

describe fission & its animal groups

when individual divides into 2

ex//sea anemone

describe budding & its animal groups

bud forms AND matures→then breaks off=new animal

ex//hydra

describe fragmentation & its animal groups

piece of animal breaks off & regenerates into new animal (only matures after it breaks off)

ex//sea star arm & flatworm

describe parthenogenesis & its animal groups

creation of offspring without fertilization(egg becomes offspring without sperm)

ex// bee, whiptail lizard, hammerhead sharks

reproductive cycles & patterns are influenced by…

water, light, temperature affect energy reserves & reproductive hormones

what are the types of sexual reproduction

1) standard

2) hermaphroditism

3) sequential hermaphroditism

describe standard sexual reproduction & its animal groups

male→sperm

female→egg

ex//salmon

describe hermaphroditism & its animal groups

animal has both gonads within their body

ex// tapeworms & sea slugs

describe sequential hermaphroditism & its animal groups

animal may be born a certain sex but can switch to opposite sex (maybe bc of larger energy reserves)

ex// oysters & clownfish

example of animal that can do both sexual & asexual reproduction

Daphnia(sea flea)

Internal fertilization: description, fertilization requirements, # offspring, parent investment

-egg & sperm unite within the body

ex//tortoises, bees, invertebrates

-requires cooperative behavior & sophisticated reproductive systems

-few offpsring

-high level of parent investment=increase offspring survival

External fertilization: description, fertilization requirements, # offspring, parent investment

egg & sperm unite outside body

ex//amphibians & aquatic animals(except marine animals)

-requires favorable environment(WATER) for zygote development & synchronized release time and area/courtship behavior

-many offspring

-low parental investment= less offspring survival

what structures make up the testes?

1) seminiferous tubules

2) leydig cells

3) scrotum

what structures make up the ducts of the penis?

1) epididymis

2) vas deferens

3) urethra

what are the accessory glands of the penis

1) seminal vesicle

2) prostate gland

3) bulbourethral gland

accessory glands do what?

add to the semen(sperm+seminal fluid)

where is the seminal fluid housed & how is it produced?

-housed in the accessory glands

seminal vesicle→prostate gland→bulbourethral gland

contents of the seminal vesicle

-60% of semen

-alkaline, mucus, fructose, coagulating enzymes, absorbic acid, prostaglandins

contents of prostate gland

1) anticoagulant enzymes & citrate

—enhances motility of sperm

contents of bulbourethral gland

neutralizing mucus

structures of the penis

1) glans(head)

2) prepuce(foreskin)

3) corpus cavernosa & spongiosum(erectile tissue)

sequences of events for spermatogenesis(occurs in testes)

seminiferous tubules(testis)→epididymis→vas deferens→urethra→penis

explain the creation of sperm starting at spermatogonium

spermatogonium→undergoes mitosis to become primary spermatocyte→divides by Meiosis I to become secondary spermatocyte→divides by Meiosis II to become spermatids→matures to become sperm
(occurs in the testes)

what is capacitation

process of sperm becoming mature as they travel thru 6m long epididymis & thru the female reproductive tract

purpose of acrosome of sperm?

carries enzymes that eats thru covering of the egg

why are testes outside the abdominal cavity?

body temperature too high for normal sperm development

mammalian sperm is not immediately functional so it requires?

capacitation

how many sperm are generally required for successful fertilization?

100 million