hhd unit 3 aos 2

allied health professionals

health professionals who arent doctors, nurses and dentists. includes physios, occupational therapists and psychologists

biomedical approach to health

a model of health focused on the biological and physical aspects of disease and illness, it is practiced by doctors + health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease and illness

bulk billing

when a health professional only charges the schedule fee and there are no out of pocket expenses for the patient

commercial factors

conditions, actions and policies of corporate organisations that impact h+w, either positively or negatively

co-payment

the amount paid by the patient for health services that is in addition to the amount paid by the government

energy dense foods

foods that have a high amount of energy per gram and whose high consumption is likely to lead to weight gain

environmental factors

the physical surroundings in which we work live and play

gap payment

the amount paid by the patient for health services that is in addition to the amount paid by their private health insurance

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

medicare

australias universal health insurance scheme, whereby the federal government pays for some or all of the costs of necessary healthcare

national disability insurance scheme (NDIS)

a scheme that provides funding to eligible people with a disability to gain more time with family and friends, greater independence, access to new skills, jobs or volunteering in their community and an improved quality of life

old public health

government actions that focused on altering the physical environment to help reduce the spread of infectious diseases, which included the provision of safe water and sanitation, improved housing and work conditions, sewage disposal and improved nutrition

ottawa charter for health promotion

a document developed by the who that outlines the conditions required to promote high levels of h+w, which reflects the social model of health and includes 5 priority action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health outcomes

pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)

a federal government scheme where the cost of essential medicines are subsidised to make them more affordable for australians

personal factors

individual characteristics that are impacted by other factors, which vary from person to person, and influence food intake

population health

the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

private health insurance

where members pay a premium/fee to recieve additional support to cover the cost of health services not covered by medicare

private health insurance premium

the amount paid for private health insurance, usually on an annual basis

public health

the actions carried out by the government to promote health outcomes in a population

sanitation

the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces

schedule fee

the amount the government deems should be paid to a health professional for carrying out a medical service or procedure

social justice

relates to fairness within a society. it is the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges in society

social model of health

a model of health focused on preventing health conditions by directing efforts toward addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments

sociocultural factors

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

asthma

a condition that affects the small air passages of the lungs. these passages narrow when exposed to certain triggers, making breathing difficult

cancer (lung, colorectal, stomach, bowel and mouth)

a range of diseases in which cells divide abnormally without control and can invade nearby tissues and prevent their normal function. cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems

cardiovascular disease (incl heart attack and stroke)

includes all diseases of the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular)

cholera

a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration. commonly spread thru contaminated food/water

dementia

number of brain disorders (eg alzheimers or vascular dementia) that are characterised by worsening mental processes. symptoms incl impaired memory, understanding and reasoning which can reduce the ability to perform daily tasks

dental caries

a breakdown of the teeth aka tooth decay

diarrhoea

having loose watery stool during a bowel movement. can b caused by a number of infections, incl bacteria and viral, and can b spread in a number of ways (eg contaminated food/water)

high blood pressure (hypertension)

blood pumped thru arteries at a harder and faster rate than whats considered normal. lead to heart attacks, strokes and kidney disease

infectious diseases

diseases or illnesses cause by infectious agents or their toxic products, such as bacteria or viruses. can b spread thru water, air and food

injury

physiological damage to the living tissue of the body caused by an external factor

kidney disease

a loss of normal kidney function, such as its ability to filter the blood and remove waste products

liver disease

a number of conditions which impact on the normal functioning of the liver. incl liver cirrhosis, where healthy liver cells are replaced by scar tissue

mental ill health (incl anxiety and depression)

disturbances of mood or thought, can make everyday functioning challenging

measles

highly contagious viral infection that causes a fever, runny nose + rash. spread by contact w infected nasal or throat secretions or breathing the air that was breathed by someone w measles

neural tube defects

damage to the brain and spine during prenatal development, includes spina bifida

osteoarthritis

number of degenerative joint diseases in which tissues in the joint break down over time

osteoporosis

refers to porous bones where the bone density thins and weakens, which can result in an increased risk of fractures/breaks

overweight and obesity

associated w abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health + is often classified as having a BMI of 25 or over

respiratory conditions

diseases of the lungs and airways, incl asthma, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

smallpox

viral infection that causes a severe rash and fever. spread thru coughing and sneezing. eradicated since 1977

tuberculosis

bacterial infection affecting the lungs, spreads thru air when infected person coughs, sneezes or talks

type 2 diabetes

condition resulting in high blood glucose levels caused by reduced levels of, or less effective, insulin.

typhoid

bacterial infection causing fever, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. spread thru contaminated food and water

whooping cough

aka pertussis, serious and highly contagious respiratory infection caused by bacteria. spreads thru air when infected person coughs, sneezes or talks

ottowa charter for health promotion

provides a framework for the application of the social model of health

ottowa charter action areas

build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services

build healthy public policy

laws and policies made by governments and organisations that seek to make healthier choices and behaviours easier

old public health initiatives

improved access to clean drinking water, improved sanitation and better sewage disposal, improved working conditions, improved food and nutrition, improved housing quality, quarantine laws, introduction of mass immunisation programs

improved access to clean drinking water

reduces spread + prevalence of infectious conditions, reduced infant + child mortality + improved life expectancy

improved food + nutrition

reduced transmission of bacteria and viruses w food = improved immunity and reductions in the prevalence and death from infectious and respiratory conditions

improved housing quality

laws + regulations contributed to improved ventilation and sewage, and reduced overcrowding. reduced prevalence + death from respiratory diseases like influenza

quarantine laws

reduced spread of infectious diseases from people arriving in australia

introduction of mass immunisation programs

help reduce incidence + prevalence of infectious diseases

examples of the biomedical approach to health

has individuals as the focus, focuses on diagnosing, treating and curing conditions

strengths of biomedical approach

increases life expectancy, allows many health conditions to be easily treated, improvements are a result of funding, leads to many more years of life spent in good health

limitations of biomedical approach

not all health conditions can be treated/cured, medical tech + professionals can be expensive, doesnt necessarily promote good h+w, can b difficult to access + afford for certain groups

examples of social model

policies + laws like seatbelts/smoking restrictions, educations, health promotion programs

strengths of social model

focused on promoting healthy behaviours that promote good health, not as costly as biomedical, health education can b passed down, focuses on population groups

limitations of social model

not all conditions can b prevented, doesnt focus on diagnosing/treating/curing, info can b ignored, doesnt contribute to development of medical technology

ottowa charter action areas

build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community actions, develop personal skills, reorient health services

build healthy public policy

laws and policies made by governments and organisations that seek to make healthier choices and behaviours easier

eg: increasing taxes on alcohol + cigarettes to make them more expensive, discouraging their purchase

create supportive environments

developing physical and sociocultural environments that promote health and wellbeing and provide people with options to engage in healthy behaviours

eg: providing shaded areas in schools so that students can avoid UV exposure

strengthen community actions

providing the opportunity for individuals to work together with their community to achieve a common goal

eg: local councils providing free workshops for citizens to increase their knowledge about the harms of drug taking in order to reduce illicit drug use

develop personal skills

providing the opportunity for the development of knowledge and skills that will contribute to improved health outcomes

eg: health promotion programs such as the sunsmart program incorporating educational elements such as slip slop slap seek slide

reorient health services

altering the health system and services so that they focus more on promoting health and wellbeing and preventing health conditions rather than just diagnosing and treating them

eg: gp’s spending time educating their patients on the importance of healthy eating to reduce blood pressure rather than just prescribing medication to lower blood pressure

population health

the health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

issues that health promotion targets in australia

road safety, uv exposure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity, physical activity levels, healthy eating

reasons the issues are a focus of health promotion

• include modifiable risk factors which individuals have some control over, therefore improvements in these areas are possible

• contribute significantly to premature years of life lost and lived with disease in australia, therefore contributing to australias overall burden of disease

• are associated with significant social and economic costs in australia

• contribute significantly to health inequalities between population groups in australia

variations in atsi people compared to non indigenous people

lower life expectancy, lower HALE, higher mortality rates for conditions such as injuries, cvd and cancer, higher morbidity rates for conditions such as diabetes, respiratory diseases and chronic kidney disease, higher levels of psychological distress, higher rates of infant mortality

principles of social justice (HAPE)

human rights, access, participation, equity

human rights (social justice)

society should protect, respect and promote everyones rights and freedoms regardless of factors such a race, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity

access (social justice)

everyone in society should have access to equal opportunities and the resources they need to thrive, such as education, food, income, shelter and healthcare

participation (social justice)

everyone in society is encouraged to participate in their community and have their voice represented

equity (social justice)

this is not about treating everyone equally, but instead providing what disadvantaged individuals or groups require to achieve the same level of health and wellbeing as others

equity should address the factors that cause inequality and provide strategies to ensure fairness

evaluating initiatives to improve atsi peoples health

• is it culturally appropriate?

•Does the initiative reflect the action areas of the Ottawa Charter?

•Has the initiative led to improvements in health and wellbeing?

•Is the initiative addressing a significant health issue for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

•Is there a significant number of people who are able to access and take part in the initiative?

• Is the initiative sustainable in terms of funding and impact?

federal government initiatives to promote healthy eating

australian dietary guidelines, australian guide to healthy eating, aboriginal and torres strait islander guide to healthy eating

australian dietary guidelines

offer current recommendations on the types and quantities of foods australians should consume to maintain optimal health and wellbeing

designed for health professionals, policymakers, educators, food manufacturers, retailers and researchers

goals of australian dietary guidelines

·       promote overall health and wellbeing

·       minimise the risk of diet-related issues and conditions such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity

·       reduce the likelihood of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers.

guideline 1:

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs

guideline 2

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups every day (and drink plenty of water)

guideline 3

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

guideline 4

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

guideline 5

care for your food; prepare and store it safely

strengths of australian dietary guidelines

provide info on the number and size of servings for ppl across the lifespan and for males and females, different info relevant for different needs

freely avaliable online and in a range of formats = accessible to a wide range of people

If people follow the guidelines, this can assist to reduce the likelihood of developing or experiencing a number of diet-related health conditions such as type 2 diabetes

Information regarding the range of different foods and health benefits associated with each food group is provided to help people to include these foods into their daily diet

limitations of the australian dietary guidelines

The guidelines do not cater well for a wide range of cultural eating patterns, which may make them difficult to follow.

The guidelines may be difficult to understand and interpret for someone with low literacy levels, making them difficult to follow

It may be difficult and time consuming for someone to calculate the number of servings and serving sizes required to follow the guidelines

The guidelines are only available in English and may be difficult to understand and follow for non-English speakers

australian guide to healthy eating

a visual food selection tool designed to complement the Australian Dietary Guidelines, visually represents the dietary guidelines outlined in guidelines 2 and 3

aboriginal and torres strait islander guide to healthy eating

adapted version of the australian guide to healthy eating thats culturally relevant to atsi people

strengths of australian and atsi guide to healthy eating

The guides are freely available online, making them accessible to a wide range of people

The guides visually represent Guidelines 2 and 3 from the Australian Dietary Guidelines, making these easier to follow and understand for a range of people

A range of food options are provided for each food group, which can assist people with different eating preferences and cultures to improve their food consumption

The guides are relevant to people of all ages, meaning that people can learn the information and then continue to refer to it throughout their lifespan, and not have to refer to different models.

limitations of the australian and atsi guides to healthy eating

The guides may be difficult to interpret and apply for people who regularly consume composite foods such as quiche or pizza

The guides do not provide information on the number of serves of serving sizes for the five food groups, which may make them difficult to follow and lead to under or over consumption of the food groups

Checking that daily food consumption is in the recommended proportions of the five food groups can be difficult, as not many people have all of their food available at one point in the day to check it is allocated correctly, given many people regularly consume food and beverages outside the home

Not all foods are visually included in the guides, so some people may not know how to classify a food that they are eating and to which food group it belongs, making the guides difficult to follow

evaluating initiatives to promote healthy eating

Is the initiative accessible?

Is the initiative culturally appropriate?

Can the initiative be easily understood?

Is the initiative effective?

similarities between australian guide to healthy eating and atsi guide to healthy eating

Both show the five food groups broken into the recommended proportion

Both show water as the beverage of choice

Both recommend using healthy fats in small amounts

Both recommend limiting intake of discretionary foods

differences between australian guide to healthy eating and atsi guide to healthy eating

-  The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating includes a range of more culturally appropriate foods that are not in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, such as kangaroo, goanna, bush fruits and damper

-   The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating includes images of food products that are more likely to be commonly found in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, whereas the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating uses more generic images of these food products

sociocultural factors that make nutritional change challenging

education, income, family and peer group

environmental factors that make nutritional change challenging

work environment, geographical location, housing environment

commercial factors that make nutritional change challenging

packaging and labelling, distribution and affordability, marketing strategies + use of media, supply chains, lobbying

personal factors that make nutritional change challenging

health and wellbeing considerations, willpower, attitudes and beliefs