Theories of Development

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on Theories of Development.

Psychodynamic Theory

A perspective that analyzes the influences of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships on behavior.

Behaviorism

A theory of learning that focuses on associating behavior with consequences through reinforcement and punishment.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud's theory that early childhood experiences shape personality through a series of stages, including Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies that help individuals cope with reality and maintain psychological equilibrium.

ID

The part of the psychic apparatus present at birth that operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.

Ego

The part of the psychic apparatus that develops during early childhood, responsibly mediating between the ID and Superego, and operating on the reality principle.

Superego

The part of the psychic apparatus that develops around ages 3-5, representing moral standards and striving for perfection.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development

A theory that outlines eight stages of development where individuals face psychosocial conflicts, such as Trust vs. Mistrust and Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning that links neutral stimuli with an involuntary response.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process that involves associating behavior with consequences, strengthening or weakening behavior through reinforcement or punishment.

Cognitive Development

A field that examines how people understand, diagnose, and respond to the world, emphasizing internal processes like memory and problem-solving.

Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory

A theory that argues that community and language play a central role in learning, with a focus on social interaction and development within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecosystemic Theory

A model that focuses on how a child's development is influenced by various layers of environment, including the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.