Biology Exam 4 Comprehensive Study Sheet

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards focused on key concepts and terminology from the biology lecture regarding fungi, animal body plans, non-bilaterians, protostomes, and deuterostomes.

Chytrids

Fungi group with motile, flagellated spores and gametes; only fungal group with flagella.

Zygomycetes

Fungi exemplified by black bread mold, characterized by tough zygosporangia and yoked hyphae.

Glomeromycota

Fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF) with most land plants.

Ascomycota

Known as sac fungi, produce 8 spores in sac-like asci and are highly diverse.

Basidiomycota

Fungi known as club fungi, producing 4 spores on club-shaped basidia, commonly seen as mushrooms.

Symmetry: Radial

Parts arranged around a central axis, allowing interaction with the environment from all sides.

Symmetry: Bilateral

Two-sided symmetry associated with cephalization and directional movement.

Tissue Layers: Diploblastic

Organisms having two germ layers: ectoderm (skin/nerves) and endoderm (gut).

Tissue Layers: Triploblastic

Organisms having three layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (muscles, circulatory system, bone).

Body Cavity: Acoelomate

Organisms with no body cavity or fluid-filled space between the gut and body wall.

Body Cavity: Coelomate

Organisms with a true coelom, a fluid-filled cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

Porifera

Commonly known as sponges, characterized by typically asymmetrical form and lack of true tissues.

Cnidaria

Includes jellyfish and corals; exhibit radial symmetry and possess stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Ctenophora

Also known as comb jellies; exhibit radial symmetry and use rows of cilia for locomotion.

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms that are acoelomate and bilateral, possessing a gastrovascular cavity.

Annelida

Segmented worms that are coelomate and feature a closed circulatory system.

Mollusca

Includes snails, clams, and squid; characterized as soft-bodied with a diversity of forms.

Nematoda

Roundworms that are unsegmented with a cuticle, belonging to the Ecdysozoa group.

Arthropoda

Includes insects, spiders, and crabs; known for segmentation and jointed appendages.

Echinodermata

Organisms like sea stars and urchins that exhibit radial symmetry as adults and have a water vascular system.

Chordata

Vertebrates, characterized by a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail.