Study-Up Personality

According to Carl Rogers, we find ____________ when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar.

congruence

According to the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, ___________ twins have very similar personalities when _________.

Identical; together or apart

Keegan is a psychologist from Sri Lanka who developed a personality test that he believes fairly represents and measures the types of traits important to the people in his country. This follows the __________ approach to the study of personality.

indigenous

A person with high self-efficacy would likely

set attainable goals.

Stacey believes that she is good at basketball because she has put forth countless hours of practice and effort. Julian Rotter would say that Stacey has

an internal locus of control.

________ is considered the "third force" in psychology because it rejects the notion that childhood experiences (psychoanalysis) or other forces in the environment (behaviorism) dictate a person's personality.

Humanism

What are the three components of reciprocal determinism?

behavior, cognitive factors, situational factors

The ___________________ approach seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity.

cultural-comparative

Our temperament is influenced by _________, or how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli and __________, our ability to control our response

reactivity; self-regulation

Which personality researchers would claim that personality is also formed by individual choices and not determined by biology?

Rogers and Maslow

Owen got in a car accident and blamed it all on his mom for making him hurry home and the other driver for not pressing on their brakes sooner. Julian Rotter would say that Owen has

an external locus of control.

Genetic influences are represented by a measure that estimates how much of some behavior is due to genetic influences; this measure is referred to as

heritability.

Donald is out with some friends when they decide to play a prank on one of their other friends. According to Bandura, Donald's desire to participate is influenced by his thoughts and beliefs about the prank, the likelihood of being socially rewarded, and

situational factors.

The masks that people wear in different situations are known as

personas.

As humans develop from nursing babies, potty-training toddlers, and eventually into adults, Freud claims they pass through several psychosexual stages. Which is the correct order of stages proposed by Freud?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

After Simón was rejected by the admissions office at the large state school he had applied to, he claimed that he wouldn't enjoy such a large school anyway. This is an example of which defense mechanism?

rationalization

3/6 answered

Which Neo-Freudian disagreed with Freud's notion of penis envy?

Horney

The rational and reasonable part of personality is known as the

ego

During the late 18th century, ______________ became a popular practice for interpreting personality traits and intelligence. It consisted of measuring and analyzing bumps and ridges on the brain.

phrenology

Which Neo-Freudian suggested that some individuals can develop an inferiority complex?

Alfred Adler

What is the partly conscious self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules?

Superego

According to Jung, the "memories" and stories that are shared in the collective unconscious of all people are known as

archetypes.

Five-year-old Eve has become very competitive with her mother for her father's affections and quite defiantly states that she is "Going to marry Daddy when I grow up!" Which psychosexual stage does this exemplify?

Phallic stage

The first comprehensive theory of personality focused on unconscious drives and childhood experiences. It was developed by ____________.

Sigmund Freud

According to Freud, a child who is weaned too early or too late, may become fixated in the ________ stage of development.

oral

Luna was not prepared to be a mother and felt guilty for not welcoming her child when he was born. As a result, she tries to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child. This is an example of which defense mechanism?

reaction formation

Which Neo-Freudian emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious?

Jung

Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality focused on topics like

unconscious forces and childhood.

Neo-Freudians generally agreed that __________ experiences are important in personality development, but that __________ experiences are not as significant.

childhood; sexual

According to Freud, the ______________ personality is stingy and stubborn, has a compulsive need for order and neatness, and might be considered a perfectionist.

anal-retentive

If Mackenzie has a high score in extroversion and a low score in conscientiousness on the Big 5 personality test, she is likely to be

outgoing and disorganized.

In a clinical psychology setting, why is it crucial to study individual patterns of personality development?

The possibility of exceptions to general trends

The Eysencks' view of personality divides people into four quadrants, depending if they are either _________________ or _______________.

extroverted or introverted; neurotic or stable

Walter Mischel designed the ____________ to test will power, also known as ____________.

marshmallow test; self-regulation

What is the person-situation debate?

A disagreement over the importance of personality traits versus situational factors in determining behavior.

If Cheick has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the Big 5 personality test, he is likely to be

anxious and quiet.

What is the cumulative continuity principle of personality development?

The correlations between personality attributes increase with age

Although uncommon, a ______________ personality trait is one that dominates an entire personality.

cardinal

What are the big five traits measured in the five-factor model of personality?

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

What is Walter Mischel's contribution to the person-situation debate?

Mischel argued that specific behaviors are driven by the interaction between very specific features of the situation in which people found themselves, the person's unique way of perceiving that situation, and their abilities for dealing with it.

The early trait theorist, ___________, found 4,500 words to describe people and then organized these into different trait categories.

Gordon Allport

_________ designed a personality test where each of 16 personality traits was scored on a continuum from high to low.

Raymond Cattell

Which types of validity, of those shown below, would be most relevant for a questionnaire measuring depressive symptoms in people dealing with depression?

Criterion validity

What is the first step in constructing a personality questionnaire or scale?

Defining what it is you are measuring

One of the most widely used personality tests, consisting of several hundred true/false questions is the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which of the following is NOT a strategy used by questionnaire writers to encourage people to read statements carefully?

Writing open-ended questions

If a research team wants to test the validity of their new personality questionnaire, which of the following would you recommend?

Compare their test results with other similar personality tests to see if they get similar kinds of results.

Unconscious processes and hidden thoughts or desires are tested through ____________ personality tests, such as the TAT.

projective

Personality tests can be checked for validity, meaning they test what they are supposed to test, in a variety of ways. Which is an example of convergent validity?

The test results in similar scores with other personality tests of similar traits.

Robert Williams developed the first culturally specific projective test designed to reflect the everyday life experiences of African Americans. This is known as the

C-TCB

Which personality test uses images and storytelling cues that relate to underrepresented, especially Latino, populations?

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test