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Can you create this but 80 questions Absolutism

A system of government where the ruler has total power, often justified by divine right.

Divine Right

The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.

Natural Rights

Rights that all humans are born with — life, liberty, and property (John Locke).

Social Contract

Agreement where people give up freedoms in exchange for government protection (Rousseau).

Enlightenment

A European intellectual movement emphasizing reason, logic, and individualism over tradition.

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution; executed by guillotine.

Reign of Terror

Radical phase of the French Revolution with mass executions led by Robespierre.

Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror; head of the Committee of Public Safety in France.

French Revolution

Period of radical political and societal change in France (1789–1799).

Nationalism

Pride in and loyalty to one’s nation, often leading to the desire for independence.

Napoleon

French general who became emperor; spread revolutionary ideas across Europe.

Haitian Revolution

Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture that overthrew French colonial rule in Haiti.

Latin American Revolutions

Independence movements inspired by Enlightenment ideas and other revolutions.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who led enslaved Africans to freedom.

Simon Bolivar

South American revolutionary who helped liberate several countries from Spanish rule.

Industrial Revolution

Major change in manufacturing using machines; started in Britain in the 1700s.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, especially during industrialization.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and competition for profit.

Socialism

Economic system in which the government owns and controls production for equality.

Communism

System where all property is publicly owned and each person works based on ability and need.

Karl Marx

German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto; founder of Marxism.

Berlin Conference

Meeting where European powers divided Africa with no regard for native populations.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country’s power through colonization or military force.

White Man’s Burden

Idea that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-Europeans (used to justify imperialism).

Scramble for Africa

Rapid invasion, occupation, and colonization of Africa by European powers.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian soldiers rebelled against British rule due to cultural and political reasons.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreigner uprising in China; aimed at ending foreign influence.

Meiji Restoration

Period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan (starting 1868).

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy demanding equal trade access to China for all nations.

World War I

1914–1918 global conflict sparked by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

Trench Warfare

Military strategy with soldiers fighting in deep trenches; led to stalemate in WWI.

Total War

A war where nations devote all resources to the war effort, affecting civilian life.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended WWI; blamed Germany and imposed harsh penalties.

League of Nations

International peacekeeping organization created after WWI; failed to prevent WWII.

Russian Revolution

1917 uprising leading to the fall of the czar and rise of the Soviet Union.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks; led the Russian Revolution and became first USSR leader.

Stalin

Soviet dictator after Lenin; ruled with totalitarianism and led USSR during WWII.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin’s plans to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union.

Totalitarianism

Form of government with total control over all aspects of public and private life.

Fascism

Authoritarian nationalist system led by a dictator (e.g., Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany).

Adolf Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany; led during WWII and orchestrated the Holocaust.

World War II

Global war from 1939 to 1945; involved most of the world’s nations.

Appeasement

Policy of giving into aggressor demands to avoid war (used with Hitler before WWII).

Blitzkrieg

“Lightning war”; fast-moving warfare used by Germany in WWII.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944 — turning point in WWII.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of 6 million Jews and others by the Nazi regime.

United Nations

International organization formed after WWII to promote peace and cooperation.

Cold War

Period of tension and competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union (1945–1991).

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy of providing aid to countries resisting communism (1947).

Marshall Plan

U.S. program giving aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII.

NATO

Military alliance of Western democracies against Soviet aggression.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet-led military alliance of communist countries in response to NATO.

Iron Curtain

Metaphor for the division between communist East and capitalist West in Europe.

Containment

U.S. strategy to stop the spread of communism.

Korean War

Conflict between North (communist) and South (capitalist) Korea; ended in stalemate.

Vietnam War

U.S.-involved war to prevent spread of communism in Vietnam; ended in communist victory.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China; led revolution and founded the People’s Republic of China.

Cultural Revolution

Mao’s campaign to purge capitalist elements from Chinese society.

Great Leap Forward

Mao’s plan to industrialize China rapidly; caused famine and millions of deaths.

Gandhi

Indian leader who used nonviolent resistance to fight British rule.

Salt March

Peaceful protest led by Gandhi against British salt tax in India.

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa’s first Black president.

Apartheid

Legal system of racial segregation in South Africa.

Suez Crisis

Conflict in 1956 where Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal; involved Britain, France, and Israel.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; controls oil production and prices.

European Union

Political and economic union of European countries to increase cooperation.

Globalization

The process of increased global connectedness and interdependence.