Adolescent Development: Brain, Moral, Socioemotional, and Health Aspects

Which brain structure initiates puberty by signaling hormone release?

The hypothalamus.

The pituitary gland is primarily responsible for:

Releasing growth hormones.

A teen staying up late and waking late reflects:

Delayed phase preference.

Early menarche is associated with:

Greater body dissatisfaction.

Late puberty in boys is often linked to:

Greater body dissatisfaction.

Eating disorders in adolescence are MOST associated with:

Peer and media influence.

Synaptic pruning refers to:

Elimination of unused neural connections.

Formal operational thinking includes:

Abstract reasoning.

A teen imagining future possibilities demonstrates:

Hypothetical thinking.

"Frame worklessness" refers to:

Instability during adolescence.

Avoiding punishment reflects which level?

Preconventional.

"Being a good person to gain approval" reflects:

Stage 3.

Following laws to maintain order reflects:

Stage 4.

Questioning laws based on fairness reflects:

Stage 5.

Gilligan's theory emphasizes:

Care and relationships.

Self-sacrifice for others reflects:

Postconventional.

Balancing care for self and others reflects:

Stage 3 (Gilligan).

Adolescence is often incorrectly labeled as:

Storm and stress.

Erikson's stage for adolescence is:

Identity vs role confusion.

Feeling constantly watched reflects:

Imaginary audience.

Believing one's experiences are unique reflects:

Personal fable.

Believing 'nothing bad will happen' reflects:

Illusion of invulnerability.

Ethnic identity development begins with:

Disinterest.

Self-esteem typically:

Dips in middle school.

Self-esteem is influenced by:

Self-perception and comparison.

Most adolescents experience romantic relationships by:

End of high school.

"Puppy love" is:

Developmentally meaningful.

Sexual behavior is influenced by:

Peer and parental attitudes.

Awareness of attraction may begin around:

Age 10.

Dating violence risk is increased by:

Exposure to violence.

Most common substance used by teens:

Alcohol.

Teen substance use is influenced by:

Peers and parents.

Depression rates are higher in:

Girls.

Most effective treatment for teen depression:

Therapy.

Suicide is the:

2nd cause of death.

Adolescent-limited delinquency:

Is temporary.

Life-course persistent delinquency:

Is rare and long-term.

Emerging adulthood occurs:

Late teens-20s.

A key marker of adulthood:

Financial independence.

Erikson's stage in early adulthood:

Intimacy vs isolation.

Generativity involves:

Helping the next generation.

Midlife crisis is:

Not universal.

The sandwich generation:

Caring for children & parents.

Empty nest refers to:

Children leaving home.

Personality traits:

Can remain stable and change.

Integrity vs despair involves:

Life review.

Healthy aging includes:

Engagement.

Socioemotional selectivity means:

Fewer, meaningful relationships.

Social convoy refers to:

Lifelong support network.

Widowhood is:

Highly stressful.

What is the projected increase in people over age 85 in the US by 2050?

A 500% increase in the population over 85.

What pressure will arise due to the significant increase in the elderly population?

Significant pressure on federal supports.

What percentage of variation in life expectancy is attributed to genetics?

25% due to genetic factors.

What are some environmental factors affecting life expectancy?

Disease, toxins, poverty, and risky behaviors.

How does social class impact life expectancy?

Social class affects the availability of resources.

Define the 'third age' in the context of aging.

Ages 60-80 characterized by better quality of life due to knowledge and technological advances.

Define the 'fourth age'.

Age over 80, involving fewer interventions, housing considerations, and cognitive decline.

What happens to cognitive processing speed as people age?

Cognitive processing speeds decrease, especially in ambiguous situations.

How do lifestyle factors influence aging?

Lifestyle factors significantly influence both physical health and cognitive processes.

What characterizes memory changes in aging?

Memory change is not inherently abnormal unless it leads to significant dysfunction.

What is an external aid for memory remediation?

Writing information down.

What is creativity in the context of aging?

The ability to connect disparate ideas in novel ways.

When does creativity peak?

In early 40s, increases in the 30s, decreases thereafter.

Define wisdom in the context of aging.

Superior knowledge or judgment often unrelated to a person's age.

How does depression trend from adulthood to old age?

It tends to reduce for healthy individuals, with variation across cultures.

What factors contribute to anxiety in older adults?

Loss of health, relocation, isolation, and loss of autonomy.

What is dementia?

A broad category involving impairment of behavior and cognition.

What are the main symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Gradual declines in memory, attention, judgment, communication, and self-care.

What characterizes Parkinson’s disease?

A brain disease primarily affecting motor symptoms.

What causes Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?

Repeated head trauma, such as concussions.

erikson generality

mentor to next generation

erikson stagnation

unable to meet needs of next generation

Kohlbergs theory

A stage theory of moral development, outlining how individuals progress through different levels of moral reasoning and ethics.

Preconventional 3-7

where children base moral decisions on the consequences or rewards of their actions, focusing on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

conventional 8-13

where individuals conform to societal rules and expectations, valuing laws and authority while aiming for social approval.

post conventional

where individuals base their moral reasoning on abstract principles and ethics, often prioritizing justice and personal conscience over societal rules.

Gilligan theory

A theory of moral development, emphasizing the difference in moral reasoning between genders, focusing on care and relationships rather than justice.

pre-conventional morality level 1

 Orientation to Individual Survival-egocentric point of view for survival (needs of self)

conventional morality level 2

Goodness as Self-Sacrifice-self-worth is based on ability to care for others (needs of others are prioritized and needs of self are denied

post conventional morality level 3

The Morality of Nonviolence-care for self and others is balanced. Moral judgment comes from real physical and psychological effects of possible outcomes rather than abstract ethical principles

identity vs role confusion

Balance between desire to try out possible selves and selecting a single self