APUSH Packet of Doom

First great American author; wrote in the early 19th century; wrote The Last of the Mohicans; popularized naturalist literature; explored the line between civilization and nature.

James Fennimore Cooper

Another famous American author writing in early 19th century; often wrote about New York or the Hudson River Valley; created "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

Washington Irving

Transcendentalist essayist and philosopher from New England; icon of the Romantic Age; wanted people to embrace change and value individuality; wrote "Self Reliance".

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Follower of Emerson and a believer in the power of the individual to triumph over evil social pressures; wrote "Civil Disobedience" and Walden.

Henry David Thoreau

Romantic Age writer of the mid-19th century; often wrote about colonial New England; most famous for House of Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Romantic Age writer and poet; wrote about the dark side of mid-19th century society; famous short stories include "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Pit and the Pendulum".

Edgar Allan Poe

Poet of the mid-19th century; wrote "Hiawatha" and "Paul Revere's Ride."

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Writer of the late 19th century; most books had a nautical theme; wrote Moby Dick.

Herman Melville

Romantic poet and essayist of the mid-19th century; most famous work is Leaves of Grass, a free verse collection reveling in emotions and sensations.

Walt Whitman

Northeastern political writer; her international hit Uncle Tom's Cabin dramatized slave society and became a weapon used by abolitionists to alert people to the evils of slavery.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Perhaps the most famous American author; rooted in the realist tradition, Twain used humor and satire to dramatize life during the Gilded Age; works include Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, The Innocents Abroad.

Mark Twain

A contemporary of Twain, James depicted the complexities of characters in sophisticated post-bellum society; works include The Portrait of a lady and The Bostonians.

Henry James

Used novels to alert readers to social ills; The Jungle sensationalized and dramatized the lack of safety and sanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Upton Sinclair

The first great female writer of the modern era; her 1920 book The Age of Innocence details the vanishing world of "old money" New York society.

Edith Wharton

A contemporary of Fitzgerald; his work Main Street focused on exposing the provinciality and middle-class meanness of small-town society.

Sinclair Lewis

Described complexities of life in the South; first to succeed with the modern technique of multiple points of view; famous works include The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom.

William Faulkner

Most important of the Depression Era authors; most famous book The Grapes of Wrath chronicled the Joad family's migration from Oklahoma to California.

John Steinbeck

Famed for his hard living, his masculine prose, and his spare writing style; wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, and The Old Man and the Sea.

Ernest Hemingway

Reclusive author; careful and studious style; most famous work is The Catcher in the Rye, a story about youth and disillusionment in postwar America.

J.D. Salinger

Most famous of the "beat" generation of writers, who were violent and free-spirited youths wandering in postwar America; books include On the Road and The Dharma Bums.

Jack Kerouac

Author of Catch-22, which typifies postwar disillusionment by satirizing war.

Joseph Heller

Leader of the lost colony at Roanoke; his pictures of Native Americans and vegetation convinced many to invest in or settle in Virginia colony.

John White

One of the Sons of Liberty; published a rabble-rousing but historically dubious account of the Boston Massacre.

Paul Revere

First great American nationalist painter; painted battle scenes and portraits depicting Americans as heroic and noble.

John Trumbull

Famous painter of the mid-19th century; part of the Hudson River School; specialized in large landscapes depicting the unspoiled beauty of the wilderness' believed in manifest destiny and westward migration.

Frederic Edwin Church

Distinctly American movement in art in the mid-19th century; focused on large landscapes and natural settings; artists included Thomas Cole and Frederic Edwin Church.

Hudson River School

Realist painter of the post-bellum period; contemporary and friend of Walt Whitman; focused on the ordinary; most famous work is The Gross Clinic.

Thomas Eakins

Outgrowth and reaction to the realist movement; added elements of nature and Impressionism in is works example shown is Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose.

John Singer Sargent

Another realist of the post-bellum period; focused on making the painted image as close as possible to reality; most famous work is Gulf Stream, and depicting a black sailor in boat surrounded by sharks.

Winslow Homer

Artist of the Gilded Age; famous for his cartoons depicting corporate greed and excess; also created the enduring image of St. Nicholas.

Thomas Nast

Considered one of the finest of the 19th century; Cassatt's work was largely overlooked in her country and time; part of the realist movement but with shades of Impressionism.

Mary Cassatt

New York movement in the early 20th century in which artists sought to depict the emotional realities of urban life; example shown is Queensborough Bridge by Ernest Lawson.

Ashcan School

A realist of the early 20th century; focused on distinctly American images of society; subjects included loneliness and isolation; most famous work is Nighthawks.

Edward Hopper

Most famous for his painting American Gothic, a depiction of agrarian Americans at the beginning of the Depression Era.

Grant Wood

Artistic works commissioned by the Works Progress Administration, designed to give jobs to artists willing to create works for public consumption; emphasized classic American values of hard work and ingenuity; example shown is Hay Making By: Marguerite Zorach.

WPA Art

Greatest of the American abstract expressionists; artwork is non-representational and often involves dripping paint on canvas for effect.

Jackson Pollock

Another famous abstract expressionist; often used bright colors and geometric shapes to influence tone and mood.

Mark Rothko

Greatest of the pop artists; used the mass production technique of silk-screening to produce and reproduce images commented on fame, consumerism, identity, and conformity.

Andy Warhol

Pop artist who used fanciful comic stripes to comment on mass consumerism and conspicuous consumption.

Roy Lictenstein

The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principe is known as judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)

The decision stemmed from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upheld the sanctity of contracts.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810, Marshall)

The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government (i.e. the Bank of the United States); used the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy," confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

McCulloch v. Maryland

New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U.S. Constitution. Upheld the sanctity of contracts.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819, Marshall)

Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.

Johnson v. Mcintosh (1823, Marshall)

Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall)

"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote. "Their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian... (they are a) domestic dependent nation" Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)

Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries (the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive.")

Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Marshall)

Declared that the interests of the community are more important than the interest of business.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837, Taney)

Said that labor unions were lawful and that the strike was a lawful weapon.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842, Taney)

Speaking for widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that the slave Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state had not made him free; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property); effectively voided the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Scott v. Sandford (1857, Taney)

Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts when civil courts are available.

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

Declared that state-passed Granger laws regulating interstate commerce were unconstitutional.

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. V. Illinois (1886)

Found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.

Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890)

Declared income taxes unconstitutional.

Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust (1895)

Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, undetermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co.

Legalized segregation to publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." "Insular Cases"/ Downes v. Bidwell (1901)-Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on goods entering the U.S. fFrom U.S. territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904)

Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers on the basis of 14th Amendment rights.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Recognized a 10-hour workday for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917, which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the ground that i denied women freedom of contract.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative over to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that is sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.

Schecter v. U.S. (1936)

Upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-americans during WWII.

Korematsu v. U.S. (1941)

Forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U.S.

Ex Parte Endo (1944)

Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)

Extended to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials, regardless of ability to pay.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation must be advised of their right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court legalized abortion by ruling the state laws could not restrict access to it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolute "executive privilege" against any judicial process.

U.S. v. Richard Nixon (1974)

Ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that death with affirmative action programs using race as a basis for selecting participants. The court in general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision.

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)

Purchased by the United States from France in 1803. Some 800,000 square miles in the area, the territory included present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rockies, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (but including New Orleans)

Louisiana Purchase

in 1810, American settlers in the western part of Florida rebelled against Spanish ruled and declared their independence as the Republic of West Florida. This area, and other territory between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers, was subsequently annexed by the United States. After long negotiations, Spain agreed in 1819 to cede Florida to the United States through the Adams-Onis Treaty. A state constitution was drafted in 1838, and Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845.

Florida

In 1836, Texas became a separate Republic after the rebelling from Mexico. The United States Senate rejected a treaty to annex Texas in 1844, but it reversed that decision the following year, and Texas joined the Union on December 29, 1845.

Texas

In 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War and ceded California, New Mexico, and Utah Territories to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million. The Gadsden Purchase was made in 1853 to obtain Mexican land for a route for the transcontinental railroad.

Mexican War/Gadsden Purchase

Russia sold its colony to U.S. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, on March 11, 1867. Russian Ambassador Baron Eduard Stoeckl drew up the Treaty of Cession and sent it to the government for ratification. The agreed price was $7.2 million.

Alaska

As a result of the Spanish-American War (1898), Puerto Rica was ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris. In 1900, Congress established a civil government on the island. Citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917, and the U.s instituted measures designed to solve various economic and social problems in the overpopulated area.

Puerto Rico

In 1898, by the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the island was ceded by Spain to the United States.

Guam

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris 1898, Spain ceded the entire archipelago to the United States in return for $20 million. In December of that year the U.S. proclaimed the establishment of military rule.

Phillippines

Wake Island was formally occupied by the U.S. in 1898. In 1834 it was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy, and in 1935, a commercial air base was established on the atoll to serve planes on flights between the U.S. and Asia.

Wake

President McKinley signed a resolution on July 7, 1898, and the formal transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to the United States took place in Honolulu on August 12, 1898. In 1900, Hawaii became a U.S. territory, making its citizens U.S. citizens. Hawaii was proclaimed the 50th state on August 21, 1959.

Hawaii

1904-1979. Territory in Central Panama governed by the United States for the operation of the Panama Canal. The Canal Zone was created under the Hay-Bunau-Varukka Treaty. It was signed in 1903 by the newly independent nation of Panama and the United States. The treaty gave the United States the right to build and operate the Panama Canal, to control the Canal Zone as if it were U.S. Territory, and to annex more land if necessary for canal operations and defense.

Panama Canal Zone

During the Civil War (1861-65) the Union began to negotiate with Denmark for the purchase of the Virgin Islands in order to establish naval bases in the Caribbean. Nothing came of the negotiations until World War 1. In 1917, the U.S. bought the Virgin Islands for $25 million and built a naval base in order to protect the Panama Canal and prevent Germany's seizure of the islands.

Virgin Islands

-States' Rights (First-Two Party System)

-Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

-Agriculture and Rural Life

-Strongest in South and West

-Sympathy with France.

-Civil liberties and trust in the people.

Democratic-Republicans

-Strong Central Government. (First-Two Party System)

-Loose interpretation of the Constitution.

-Commerce and manufacturing.

-Strongest in Northeast.

-Close ties with Britain.

-Order and stability.

Federalists

-Party of Tradition (Second Two-Party System)

-Looked backward to the past.

-Spoke to the fears of Americans.

Opposed banks and corporations.

-Opposed state-legislated reforms.

-Preferred individual freedom of choice.

-Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms, rural independence, states' rights, and the right to own slaves.

-Favored rapid territorial expansion.

-Believed in progress through external growth.

Democrats

-Party of modernization (Second Two-Party System)

-Looked forward to the future

-Spoke to the hopes of Americans.

-Promoted economic growth, especially transportation and banks.

-Advocated state-legislated reforms such as temperance, public schools, and prison reform.

-Favored industry, urban growth, and federal government.

-Favored gradual territorial expansion.

-Believed in progress through internal growth.

Whigs

-Abolitionist Party that ran candidate James Birney for President in 1844. (Mid-19th Century Parties Opposing the Democrats)

-Won only 2% of the vote but dew votes away from the Whigs, especially in New York.

Liberty Party

-Not abolitionist, but opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories. (Mid-19th Century Parties Opposing the Democrats)

-Won 10% of the popular vote with Martin Van Buren as their candidate in 1848.

-Lost 50% of their support in 1852, when they repudiated the Compromise of 1850.

Free Soil Party

-The "Know Nothing" Party (Mid-19th Century Parties Opposing the Democrats)

-Nativist party based on opposition on immigration and a focus on temperance.

-Ran Millard Fillmore in 1856 and won 21% of the popular vote.

-Republican Party absorbed them in 1856

American Party

-Southern "Cotten" Whigs eventually drifted into the Democratic Party. (Mid-19th Century Parties Opposing the Democrats)

-Northern "Conscience" Whigs moved to new parties such as the Free Soil Party, and later, the Republican Party.

Whigs

-Formed in 1854 by a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. (Mid-19th Century Parties Opposing the Democrats)

- Stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories.

-Moderates like Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery on "moral" grounds, while admitting that slavery had a "right" to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist.

-John C. Fremont was the first Republican candidate in the election of 1856.

Republican Party

1869-1871. Embezzled money from New York State government created a mob presence within the government.

Tweed Ring

1872. A dummy construction company was created to skim money from the Union Pacific Railroad. Government officials were bribed.

Credit Mobilier

1872-1876. Grant and his Secretary of State put an excise tax on whiskey, bringing more money into the government for the President's use.

Whiskey Ring

1921. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall secured the transfer of several naval oil reserves to his jurisdiction. Then he leased the holdings at Teapot Dome to Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny. Sinclair and Doheny, in turn, gave fall illegal loans amounting to $405,000.

Teapot Dome

1958. The Chief of Staff received an oriental rug and fur coat for helping a Boston industrialist deal with the federal bureaucracy.

Sherman Adams

1973. Nixon wanted information about the Democrats for the upcoming election. His advisors tried to bug the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. The Republican buggers were caught in the act. As a result, McCord, the head of the operation, confessed and admitted the plot involved the President. This initiated a series of events that caused Nixon to resign from his post to avoid impeachment.

Watergate

1985-86. The people involved were William Casey, head of CIA; Lieutenant Colonial Oliver North of the National Security Council; Admiral John Poindexter, National Security Advisor; and Robert McFarlane, former National Security Advisor. They sold arms to Iranians to encourage their aid in releasing American hostages in Lebanon. The profits from these deals were diverted to the Nicaraguan Contras to get around Congressional restrictions on funding the revolution there. Hearings were held in May 1987, during Reagan's presidency.

Iran-Contra Affair