Period 4 (1800-1848)

Market Revolution

starts in England; change from making goods at home to producing in factories, leading to increased commercialization and urbanization in America.

5 Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole; white settlements in Southeast took over their land; “civilized” b/c they adopted white lifestyle

Spoils System

rewarding political supporters with government jobs; a practice popularized by Andrew Jackson.

Tariff of Abominations

Congress increased tariff in 1824 and passed in 1828; made Old South angry since they sold produce in a market unprotected by tariffs that benifited Northern manufacturers.

Tariff of 1832

less than tariff of 1828, but was still protective and didn’t great South demands

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina wanted to deem unconstitutional/get rid of the tariffs b/c they were struggling; nullifiers: get rid of tariffs. Unionists: keep tariffs

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Henry Clay; gradually reduce Tariff of 1832 by 10% over 8 years; by 1842, rates will be back to level of year 1816

Force Bill

Bloody Bill-South; 1833; authorized president to use army and navy to collect federal tariff duties and enforce collection of tariffs in South Carolina, effectively addressing the Nullification Crisis.

Indian Removal Act

1830; passed by Jackson; authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to designated "Indian Territory" west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

where countless Natives died and marched to newly established Indian territory for freedom; lasted 15 years; caused by Jackson’s Indian Removal Act

Bank War

1832; Webster and Clay presented Congress w/ bill to renew Bank of U.S. charter; if Jackson said yes, would lose west followers/ if said no, would lose presidential election b/c no support from wealthy; Jackson vetoed it; this amplified power of presidency

Anti-Masonic

1832 election; 3rd party; started in NY and spread through New England; appealed to American suspicions of secret societies; anti-Jackson party; support from Protestant groups

Specie Circular

decree issued by Jackson in 1836 requiring payment for government land in gold or silver rather than paper currency, aimed at curbing inflation and speculative land purchases; caused financial crash in 1837 (Jackson is no longer president)

panic of 1837

symptom of Market Revolution; unsteady currencies; rampant speculation; hazards of enterprise; effect of Bank War and Specie Circular resulting in a severe economic depression that lasted several years.

Divorce Bill

Legislation passed in 1837 by Jackson to separate the government from the banking system, reallocating federal funds to state banks, intending to reduce the influence of the Bank of the United States.