GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Reviewer (1st Mastery Exam)

Robert Hooke

He is first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

King Charles II of England

He commissioned a microscopic investigation of the natural world

Microraphia

Robert Hooke published his book called ___________,which contains his drawings of a section of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes.

Robert Brown

He discovered and named the nucleus

Matthias Schleiden

He helped in the development of cell theory by explaining that cells are the shared element of plants and animals.

Theodor Schwann

He is a German physiologist, the founder of modern histology that defines that the cell as the basic unit of animal structure.

Rudolf Virchow

He concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells

Janet Plowe

She discovered the cell membrane is a defined physical structure

Lynn Margulis

She is an American biologist who revolutionized the theory endosymbiotic theory that states that modern-day mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of ancient bacteria-like organisms that lived inside prokaryotic cells during two billion years ago when Earth was still hot and mostly barren.

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

1st Cell Postulate

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms.

2nd Cell Postulate

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscopes, and in 1683, he discovers bacteria.

All cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

3rd Cell Postulate

Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.

4th Cell Postulate

All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

5th Cell Postulate

Energy flow (Metabolism and Biochemistry) occurs within cells.

6th Cell Postulate

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment

Cholesterol

Molecules help strengthen the cell membrane making it more flexible but less fluid, making the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions or simple sugars.

Carbohydrates

Attached to proteins serve as identification tags, enabling cells to distinguish one type of cell from another.

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Cytoplasm

The portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has no ribosomes but is involved in synthesis of lipids & some steroids.

Golgi apparatus

Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Vesicles

Small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Vacuoles

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Centrosomes and Centrioles

organelles responsible for forming and anchoring the spindle fibers

Cilia and Flagella

hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Microtubules

Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.

Tight Junctions

Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

Adhesion Junctions (desmosomes)

Junction that allows cells to stretch

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Prokaryotic Cells

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic Cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.

Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Cytoplasm Region

An area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

Mesosomes

They are the folding, present inside the plasma membrane. Mesosome plays a vital role in cellular respirations, replication of DNA, cell division, separation of chromosomes during cell division and also performs the role of Golgi bodies and mitochondria.

Plasmids

They are a small circle of DNA. Plasmid plays a vital role in exchanging DNA between the bacterial cells. Bacterial cells have many plasmids.

Nuclear Membrane

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Animal cell

Does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole. It is multicellular.

plant cell

Contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole. They are membrane bound organelles.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Cuboidal Epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue with cube-shaped cells.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flattened cells

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

Blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Bone

Mineralized connective tissue.

Muscle Tissue

Are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

Striated and voluntary movements

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated and involuntary

Nervous Tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Nerve Cells

Fast cell communication, sends impulses through nervous system

Glial Cells

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

Cell Division

The process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells

Cell Cycle

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

Mitosis

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Metaphase Checkpoint

Cell makes sure the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers / Ensures that the genetic material is duplicated equally among the daughter cells

G1 checkpoint (restriction point)

The most important of the three major checkpoints. If cell does not pass, it enters G0, in which no further division occurs.

G2 checkpoint

Ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed.

DNA replication (S Phase)

Must precede mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Gap Phases

Allow the cell to grow large enough and synthesize enough organelles to ensure the daughter cells will be normal in size and function

Kinase

Give the 'go-ahead' signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK's)

One of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)

It functions by phosphorylating key proteins in the mitotic sequence.

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Prophase I (Meiosis)

It has been subdivided into five substages: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis.

Metaphase I (Meiosis)

The spindle apparatus is completely formed and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologues.

Anaphase I (Meiosis)

Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles. The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere regions.

Telophase I (Meiosis)

2 nuclei form and cytokinesis occurs

Prophase II (Stage 6)

The nuclear envelope breaks down with chromosomes pulled at opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers.

Metaphase II (Stage 7)

Spindles are fully formed again and attach to the centromeres. The chromosomes line up down the middle of the spindles.

Anaphase II (Stage 8)

The spindles pull the sister chromatids apart. Each goes towards a different pole.

Telophase II (Stage 9)

Nuclear membranes start to form around the chromosomes again. A cleavage forms. Cytokinesis occurs and the two diploid cells have now divided into 4 haploid cells. In males this equals 4 sperm. In females this creates 1 egg and 3 polar bodies which are useless in humans.