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59 Terms
Q: What distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes?
A: In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth (first opening = mouth); they also typically show spiral cleavage.
Q: What are the two main protostome clades?
A: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
Q: What defines Lophotrochozoa?
A: Spiral cleavage, often aquatic, and presence of trochophore larvae or lophophores
Q: What is a trochophore?
A: A free-swimming, planktonic larval stage.
Q: What is a lophophore?
A: A ciliated feeding structure used for filter feeding.
Q: What defines Ecdysozoa?
A: Animals that molt (ecdysis) and often have an exoskeleton
Q: What are the three protostome groups covered in lecture?
A: Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda
Q: What are the main mollusk groups?
A: Chitons, Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods
Q: What animals are gastropods?
A: Snails, slugs
Q: What animals are bivalves?
A: Clams, oysters, scallops
Q: What animals are cephalopods?
A: Squid, octopus, cuttlefish
Q: What animals are chitons?
A: Marine mollusks with 8 plates
Q: What is the mantle?
A: Tissue that secretes the shell and surrounds internal organs.
Q: What is the foot?
A: Main locomotion structure (modified into arms in cephalopods).
Q: What is the radula?
A: Scraping, tongue-like feeding structure (absent in bivalves).
Q: What is the visceral mass?
A: Cluster of internal organs.
Q: What is unique about bivalves?
A: No radula, filter feeders using gills.
Q: What type of circulatory system do most mollusks have?
A: Open circulatory system
Q: Which mollusks have a closed circulatory system?
Cephalopods
Q: How do mollusks remove waste?
Nephridia
Q: How do most mollusks reproduce?
A: Mostly gonochoric, often external fertilization
Q: How do you identify a gastropod?
A: Single shell (or none), torsion, head with tentacles
Q: How do you identify a bivalve?
A: Two shells, no head, filter feeder
Q: How do you identify a cephalopod?
A: Tentacles, large brain, active predator, closed circulation
Q: What are annelids?
A: Segmented worms
Q: What is segmentation?
A: Body divided into repeating units (segments)
Q: Why is segmentation advantageous?
A: Allows specialization, redundancy, and efficient movement
Q: What structures are in each segment?
A: Organs, nerves, excretory structures, muscles
Q: What type of circulatory system do annelids have?
A: Closed circulatory system
Q: What is the main locomotion method?
A: Muscle contractions + hydrostatic skeleton
Q: What are the two main annelid clades?
A: Errantia and Sedentaria
Q: What defines Errantia?
A: Marine worms with parapodia
Q: What are parapodia?
A: Paired appendages used for movement/gas exchange
Q: What defines Sedentaria?
A: Less mobile, often burrowing or sessile
Q: What is the clitellum?
A: Reproductive structure that secretes cocoon
Q: What animals are in Clitellata?
A: Earthworms and leeches
Q: Key trait of earthworms?
A: Hermaphroditic, segmented, no parapodia
Q: Key trait of leeches?
A: Suckers, reduced segmentation, some are parasites
Q: Why are arthropods so successful?
A: Segmentation, exoskeleton, jointed appendages
Q: What is an exoskeleton?
A: Hard external covering made of chitin
Q: What is molting (ecdysis)?
A: Shedding the exoskeleton to grow
arthropod systems: Q: Circulatory system?
open
arthropod system: Q: Nervous system?
A: Ventral nerve cord with ganglia
arthropod systems: Q: Respiratory systems?
A: Gills, tracheae, or book lungs
Q: What are the four main arthropod groups?
A: Chelicerata, Crustacea, Hexapoda, Myriapoda
Q: Key trait of chelicerates?
A: Chelicerae (fangs/pincers) 🕷
examples of chelicterata
A: Spiders, scorpions, ticks
Q: Key traits of crustacea🦀
A: Two pairs of antennae, biramous appendages
examples of crustacea
A: Crabs, shrimp, lobsters
key traits of hexapoda🐜
A: 3 body regions, 6 legs, 1 pair of antennae
hexapoda Body regions?
A: Head, thorax, abdomen
Q: What is metamorphosis?
A: Developmental change in body form
Q: Key traits of myriapoda🐛
A: Many segments with legs
Q: Centipede vs millipede?
Centipede: 1 pair legs/segment, carnivore
Millipede: 2 pairs legs/segment, herbivore
Q: If an animal molts and has an exoskeleton, what group?
A: Ecdysozoa (likely Arthropoda)
Q: If an organism has a trochophore larva, what group?
A: Lophotrochozoa
Q: If it has segmentation and is a worm?
Annelida
Q: If it has a shell + mantle + radula?
A: Mollusca
Q: If it has jointed appendages?
Arthropoda