AP BIO UNIT 1

hydrogen bonds

bond between negative atom and a hydrogen

polar covalent bonds between O and H

IN the water molecule

hydrogen bonds between O and H

BETWEEN other molecules

cohesion

water molecules attracted to other WATER molecules

surface tension

adhesion

water molecules attracted to other POLAR molecules

capulary action (water moving up root —> leaf)

high specific heat

water must absorb large amount of energy to change temperature

maintains our body temp

ice on top of lakes

high heat of vaporization

large amount of energy needed to make liquid evaporate

sweat released to absorb body heat

hydrolysis

ADD water to BREAK bond

dehydration synthesis

REMOVE water to FORM bond

carbohydrates

elements: C H O (1:2:1)

bonds: covalent

linear and branched chains

monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, galactose

polysaccharide: cellulose, chitin

lipids

elements: C H O P

fats: saturated and unsaturated, energy storage

phospholipids: head and tail, form lipid bilayers

steroid: support growth, metabolism

nucleic acids

elements: C H O N P

DNA and RNA

proteins

elements: C H O N S

amino acids

levels of protein structure

primary: chain of amino acids

secondary: bonds between backbone of alpha helix

tertiary: any bonds between R groups, 3D structure

quaternary: any bonds between R groups of polypeptides