Gotta pass the AP gov test!

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review as a power of the Supreme Court

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established national supremacy and implied powers under the Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Established the clear and present danger test, limiting speech especially during wartime

Brown v. Board of Education I (1954)

Overturned “separate but equal”; segregation is inherently unequal under the 14th Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education II (1955)

Ordered schools to desegregate with “all deliberate speed”

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Prohibited state-sponsored prayer in public schools under the Establishment Clause

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Established judicial review of legislative apportionment; districts must be roughly equal in population

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Required states to provide lawyers to defendants who cannot afford them

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Protected student free speech unless it disrupts school activities

New York Times v. United States (1970)

Limited prior restraint; government cannot censor press unless national security is at risk

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Protected religious freedom; Amish exempt from compulsory schooling past 8th grade

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Established abortion rights based on privacy; created trimester framework

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Ruled racial gerrymandering unconstitutional if race is the predominant factor

U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

Limited Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause

McDonald v. Chicago (2009)

Incorporated the 2nd Amendment to apply to the states

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Allowed corporations/unions to spend unlimited money on political campaigns (Super PACs)