Empire depth 5:The nile valley/Egypt

what is the ottoman empire?

a powerful, 600-year Islamic superpower that bridged East and West, controlling vast territories across Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africar

when was egypt claimed by the ottoman empire?

1577

what is the great game?

russian and british competition in asia following the collpase of the ottoman empire

Ismail pasha?

OG ruler of egypt

deposed for his son tewfiq pasha in 1879

dual control?

British and french control of egypt t

splendid isolationism?

britian avioded long term alliences

what was the threat of rival countries on egypts occupation?

Russia-looking for warm water port

France-colonial rival

italy- wanted to aquire land in africa

who arabi pasha?

egyptian nationalist

scramble for africa?

european powers looking to acquire a remaining 90% of african land

Prime minister gladstone?

4 time Prime minister

Whig

had 37% of his personal savings invested in egypt

“egypt for egyptians”

saying of egyptian nationalists

when did the french government fall?

1882

what did the french government fall mean?

france was unable to support britian

this lead to britian interveining

1882 intervention?

parliament agreed to let british troops invade the canal zone

how much of the suez canal was used by the british in 1882?

80%

why were the nationalists a threat?

arabi pasha threatened to refuse egyptian debt payments

arabi got support by protesting for the rights of the peasantry

a veiled protectorate?

Egypt officially remained an autonomous Ottoman province, but Britain held ultimate authority

who was baring?

previously british controller general of egypt 1877-79

then sent to inida

He made it abundantly clear he did not wish to be the viceroy of egypt

though it would only take 2-3 years instead of the 25 he ended up staying

barings nickname?

“over-baring”

“vice-vicevory”

rescue and retire policy?

once british reforms had been completed britain would withdraw

when did sir evelyn baring pull up to egypt?

1883

granville doctrine?

British colonial policy adopted in 1883, named after Foreign Secretary Earl Granville, that ensured British control over Egypt during their occupation

power to dismiss Egyptian ministers

granville doctrine date?

1883

what did baring do in egypt?

reformed the egyptian army with a british led one

same goes for the police

put of much needed land tax reforms

who was abbas the 2nd?

khedive after tewfik died

resented british interference in egypt

funded secret army

who was edgar vincent?

managed egypts finaces

who was moncrieff?

managed public works

what did moncrief do?

abolished the corvee-unpaid labour from time of the pharaohs

constructed 385 miles of new canals and 100 new bridges

this helped increased egypts cotton industry and improved public health

what did vincent do?

got a £9mil loan from france in 1885

who was the mahdi?

muhammad ahmad called himself 1881 the mahdi

depicted himself as a biblical figure

why was the mahdi a threat?

he was anti-egyptian as well as a islamic fundamentalist

had a loyal support due to his good leadership

battle of el obied?

mahdist forces smoked egyptian-british forces

britain lost 7000 compared to 280 madhist’s

why did britain loose at el obeid?

used egyptian prisoners-unmotivated

“soldier having more in common with thier enemies”

who was hicks?

served in the inidan rebellion

hicks expeidtion in 1883

when was el obied?

1883

who was gordon?

british icon

stopped tiapang rebellion-saving a chinese war

very anti-slave trade

regarded as mad

gordons mission to egypt?

wanted to fight the mahdi

abolished corporal punishment and slavery

ignored british commands

consequences of gordan’s actions

10,000 civilians died

mahdis forces attacked for a year

started talking to mice during yr long siege

gordons death as it was painted?

heroic last stand as the media painted it

gordon faced the mahdi forces head on and did so calmly

gordon’s death in reality?

died shooting his pistol

beheaded and showed to the mahdi

reaction to gordons sliming?

queen victoria wrote publicly that it was gladstone’s fault

day of mourning called

conservative gov had to leave sudan

liberal and gladstone lost 2yrs later

when did gordon die

1885

what happened btween gladstone and gordon?

gordon asked for british reinofrcements as the mahdi loomed

gladstone did not agree

gladstone finnally sent them but it was two days to late and gordon died

sudans reocupation reasons?

britian could not afoord any other european power take controll of the nile valley

the mahdis forces were losing control-other forces could come easily

abyssinian war?

italy vs ethiopia

italy lost horrendously

demonstrated africa as a force to reckoned with

when was the abyssinian war?

1898

battle of omdurman date?

sept 1898

who fought at omdurman?

british and egyptian forces vs the madhis (ansars)

ansars lost 10,000 troops

what tf was the fashoda incident?

nearly caused a war between france and britain

where was fashoda?

400 miles from sudan

what was the british plan for africa?

make an absurdly expensive railway from cape town to cairo

consequences of fashoda incident?

declasse ordered france to withdraw from fashoda

this was becuase of french naval weakness and france needing english support

britian remained in control of the nile

marchand?

french commander in the fashoda

kicthner?

“machine of the sudan”

general of the anglo-egpptian army

maxim gun?

used to great effect in omdurman

“what ever happens, we have got the maxim gun and they have not”