GENE 3000 Tree of Life (unit 3)

ANIMALS: BILATERIA

Most living animals

Bilateral symmetry body plan & 3 germ layers

2 broad branches = Protostomes & Deuterostomes

Taxonomic rank

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Protostomes

Mouth first, then anus

Includes many invertebrates

Deuterostomes

Anus first, then mouth

Includes chordates, echinoderm

Echinodermata

Entirely marine

Sea stars

Sea urchins

Sea cucumbers

Chordata

Defined by 5 traits

1. notochord

2. dorsal nerve cord

3. pharyngeal slits

4. endostyle

5. post-anal tail

Groups at the base of Chordata

1. Cephalachordata

2. Olfatores

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum example =

Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata

Cephalochordata

lancelets

Olfatores

Includes tunicates and vertebrates

Most vertebrates are fish and make up ___ described species

30,000

Tunicata

Larval form contains the notochord, not the adult!

Cyclostomata

chordata-olfatores-vetebrata-cyclostomata

Jawless fish

Most basal end of vertebrates

Includes lampreys and hagfish

Gnathostomata

chordata-olfatores-vetebrata-gnathostomata

Super Class

Jawed vertebrates

First lineage of fish?

Includes chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammals

Chondrichthyes

chordata-olfatores-vetebrata-gnathostomata-chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish

Includes sharks, rays, skates, sawfish

Osteichthyes

chordata-olfatores-vetebrata-gnathostomata-osteichthyes (class)

Bony fish

2 major lineages = Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)

Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned -> gave rise to tetrapods?)

Teleost

osteichthyes-actinopterygii-teleost

Make up 96% of all fish

Includes salmon, swordfish, etc.

^^ think ray-finned

Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

chordata-olfatores-vetebrata-gnathostomata-osteichthyes-sarcopterygii

Important group - will learn more about them in last assigned reading book

Tetrapods

Chordata-Olfatores-Vetebrata-Gnathostomata

Gnathostomes that have 4 limbs

Anamniotes versus Amniotes

Anamniotes

Tetrapod

Lay eggs in water

Includes Amphibians (frogs & toads), Caudata (salamanders & newts), Caecilians (aquatic/terr. worms?)

Amniotes

Tetrapods

Lay eggs on land

Sauropsid reptiles

About 20,000 extant species

Includes Tuatara, Squamates, Archosauria, Testudines

Tuatara

Tetrapod-Amniotes

Only species in its order -> Endemic to NZ

Squamates

Tetrapod-Amniotes

Scaled ->

Lizard, amphisbaenians, snakes

Archosauria

Tetrapod-Amniotes

Crocodilians, pterosaurs, dinosaurs & birds

Testudines

Tetrapod-Amniotes

Turtles

Most derived in these group of reptiles

Archosauria -- BIRDS

Birds fall into 1 of 2 phylogenetic groups

Paleognaths

&

Neognaths

Paleognaths

mostly large, flightless birds like ostriches, cassowaries, emus, kiwi and

tinamou (exception to flight)

Neognaths

Galliformes

Anseriformes

Strisores

Columbaves

Gruiformes

Aequorlitornithes

Ipopinaves

Afroaves

Australoaves

Passerines

Neognaths-Galliformes

turkey, chicken, partridge

Neognaths-Anseriformes

ducks, geese, swans

Neognaths-Strisores

nightjars, oilbirds,hummingbird, frogmouths

Neognaths-Columbaves

pigeon, cuckoos, turcos

Neognaths-Gruiformes

railes and cranes

Neognaths-Aequorlitornithes

flamingos, penguins, pelicans, herons

Neognaths-Ipopinaves

hawks, vultures, hotazin

Neognaths-Afroaves

owls, trogans, woodpeckers

Neognaths-Australoaves

falcons, parrots, seriemas

Neognaths-Passerines

songbirds, sparrows & finches

Perching birds & represent more than half of all bird species

ANIMALS - DEUTEROSTOMES - Mammals

Derived from the synapsid reptiles

About 5500 extant species of mammals

3 major groups

1. monotremes

2. eutherians

3. metatherians

Mammals-Monotremes

Lay eggs rather than bear live young

4 extant species live in New Guinea or Australia

Includes playtpus & echidna

Mammals-Metatherians

Kangaroos, tasmanian devils, wallabies, wombats, koalas

70% of the 334 extant species live in Australia, although marsupials likely originally arose in South America

Opposum

Animal-Deuterostome-Mammal-Metatherians-Marsupial

Only marsupial found north of Mexico

Has more teeth (50) than any other N. American land mammal

Only 13 nipples = 13 of 50 offspring survive

Very short life span

Bran size 1/2 of a raccoon's

Extreme fear leads to paralysis

Important in limiting tick-borne diseases (eats up to 5000 ticks per season)