Unit 3 study guide

What was hanging on Benjamin Franklin's wall in the late 1750s?

An Oil Portrait of Benjamin Lay, a dwarf hermit, standing outside his cave holding an open book.

What did the Quakers of Pennsylvania do in 1758?

Announced Slave trading.

What are the two revolutions mentioned by Lepore at the end of the eighteenth century?

Struggle for American Independence and struggle to end Slavery.

Where did the conflict between the French and British begin?

They were attacking each others Ships.

What was the first skirmish and who was involved?

In May of 1754, Lieutenant Colonel George Washington was involved.

What was Fort Necessity?

A small wooden garrison built by the fleeing fleet of Virginia.

What were some causes of conflict between the French and British listed by Lepore?

Trade in the East Indies, shipping in the Mississippi, and sugar plantations in Western North America.

What did the British colonists in America call this war?

French and Indian War.

What upset Benjamin Franklin regarding the British government's actions?

Sending regiments of the British army under General Edward Braddock.

What happened to General Edward Braddock?

Died, shot in an ambush by the French.

How many troops were there in North America fighting for the British?

45,000 soldiers.

How did William Pitt win the war?

He overtook Quebec, leading to French captures joining England and spending a lot of money.

What were some social differences between the British military and colonial militias?

British rank meant everything, while America had no distinction of rank.

What proportion of men could vote in Britain versus America?

Less than 1/5 in England and 2/3 in America.

What paradox regarding democracy does Lepore note?

Voting proportions made it seem like an absolute democracy, but it was centered under the value of slavery.

What turned the tide of the French and Indian War in favor of the British in 1759?

The Iroquois joined the British after abandoning their longstanding alliance.

What were the terms of peace in 1763?

France ceded their land.

How much did the war add to Britain's national debt?

Nearly bankrupted them and doubled their debt.

What two orders did the British government enact after the rebellion of Ottawa Chief Pontiac?

No colonists west of the Appalachian mountains and regulation of trading goods and purchases.

Which act did Parliament pass in 1764 to pay off the war debt?

The Sugar Act.

What was different about the Sugar Act compared to previous taxation forms?

Taxes became enforced and collected by the colonies.

What did Samuel Adams argue about taxation in the 1760s?

Taxation without representation was akin to slavery.

What crop produced a lot of wealth according to Adam Smith?

Sugar.

What was the Stamp Act?

A tax on all government-issued papers.

Which group was most affected by the Stamp Act?

The People of the Press.

Which document did Benjamin Franklin reference regarding the Stamp Act?

The Magna Charta.

Why did island colonies comply with the Stamp Act while mainland colonies protested?

Concerns about a potential slave rebellion.

What was the Sons of Liberty's response to island colonies' compliance with the Stamp Act?

A boycott of Caribbean goods.

What did James Otis argue in 'Rights of the British Colonists, Asserted'?

Colonists are born free, just like all men.

What did George Mason write to George Washington in 1765?

That slavery was a primary cause of destruction.

What did Boston vote for the week after the Stamp Act's repeal?

Total abolishing of slavery.

What was the Declaratory Act that followed the Stamp Act repeal?

It asserted Parliament's authority to make laws.

What were the Townshend Acts?

Taxes on items such as lead, paper, glass, and tea.

How did the British government respond to Boston's protests against the Townshend Act?

Established two regiments of the British Army to enforce the law.

What was the Boston Massacre?

A tragic event where British soldiers killed five citizens in March 1770.

What were the lessons taught by the Somerset case?

Courts offered freedom, and England could provide a better chance of freedom.

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

It reduced the tax on tea and asserted Parliament’s right to tax.

How did the people of Boston respond to the Tea Act?

They dumped chests of tea into the harbor disguised as Indians.

How did Parliament react to Boston's Tea Party?

Passed the Coercive Act, closed Boston harbor, and annulled Massachusetts Charter.

Why were northern colonies more resistant to the Tea Act?

They had no established religion.

How many colonies were represented at the First Continental Congress?

12 of 13 Colonies.

What did George Washington remark about the 'Boston people'?

It is not the wish or interest of Government to set up for democracy.

What did the Continental Congress urge colonists to do?

Muster their militias and stockpile weapons.

What accusation was leveled against America in unison by Samuel Johnson and Benjamin Rush?

Hypocrisy regarding slavery.

What did General Thomas Gage's orders lead to?

The first shots of the war at Lexington and Concord.

How many died in the first battle of the conflict?

12 men.

How many residents attempted to flee Boston during the siege?

12,000 residents.

Who did John Adams nominate to command the Continental Army?

George Washington.

What were colonists fighting for by fall of 1775?

Rights as an Englishman.

What did Lord Dunmore offer to enslaved people?

Freedom to slaves who joined the British Army.

What happened to James Madison's grandfather in 1732?

He was murdered by slaves (poison).

What did George Washington's slave do while he was away?

He fled and joined Dunmore's forces.

What ultimately tipped the scale in favor of American independence according to Lepore?

Dunmore's offers of freedom to slaves.

What was the second most important impetus for independence according to Lepore?

The brooding and tireless actions of Thomas Paine.

What did Thomas Paine describe as the most unnatural distinction?

Kings and their subjects.

From where is all power derived according to George Mason?

From the people.

What did Abigail Adams warn would happen if women's voices weren't acknowledged?

They would foment a rebellion.

How did John Adams respond to Abigail Adams's statement?

Negatively and humorously.

What was the first written government structure of the United States?

Articles of Confederation.

Why was the Declaration of Independence not a declaration of war?

It provided a statement of what they were fighting for within the laws of nations.

What passage did Jefferson add to the Declaration of Independence that Congress removed?

Blaming King George for causing slavery and violating human rights.

Who did Jamaica blame for their 1776 slave uprising?

Americans for inciting it.

What percentage of slaves attempted to flee the newly formed United States?

One in five slaves fled.

How many soldiers did the British begin the war with? How many did Washington have?

British had 32,000 soldiers, Washington had 19,000.

How did the War for American Independence become a world war?

British troops were spread thin, leading to a war for empire.

What happened to many slaves on British islands when the French captured the territories?

They starved and died.

What did Americans consider the Revolutionary War?

A civil war.

What strategy did General Henry Clinton believe was important for winning?

Winning the hearts and minds of Americans.

Why were southern states important to the British government and economy?

They had wealthy sugar plantations.

What was one suggestion made to safeguard southern states?

Enlist 3,000 slave troops, which was rejected by citizens.

Where did the British navy need to be instead of Yorktown?

In the Chesapeake Bay.

How many Loyalists evacuated America?

60,000.

What recommendation did the Marquis de Lafayette make to George Washington?

Finish what the revolution had begun.

What was the first legislature to pass an abolition law?

Banning the selling of slaves born after March 1780, who would be free after 28 years.

Why did James Madison conclude it was unwise to bring Billey back to Virginia?

He would incite a rebellion.

How did the American Revolution affect the anti-slavery and pro-slavery movements?

It decreased the amount of slaves, increasing anti-slavery and diminishing pro-slavery.

What was the Proclamation Line of 1763?

A boundary attempting to keep peace between natives and colonists by dividing land along the Appalachian mountains.

What was the colonial response to the Proclamation Line of 1763?

Colonists ignored it and were angered.

What did the Sugar Act do?

Reduced the rate of the Molasses Act by half, which had never been collected.

What was the colonial response to the Sugar Act?

It was controversial because salutary neglect had been abandoned.

What was significant about the Stamp Act?

It was the first direct tax on the colonies, leading to physical impact.

What was the colonial response to the Stamp Act?

Patrick Henry advocated the Virginia Resolves, and colonists challenged virtual representation.

What did the Quartering Act require?

Colonists had to allow soldiers to live in their homes and take care of them.

What did the Declaratory Act declare?

That Parliament had authority to tax, rebuking the Virginia Resolves.

What did the Townshend Duties involve?

Indirect taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.

What did the Daughters and Sons of Liberty do?

Responded to Townshend Acts with nonimportation and protests.

What occurred during the Boston Massacre?

British soldiers opened fire on citizens, killing five.

What was the colonial response to the Tea Act?

Colonists disguised themselves and dumped tea into the harbor.

What did the Coercive Acts entail?

Closed Boston port, revoked Massachusetts charter, and imposed martial law.

What rights were affected by the First Continental Congress?

Addressed issues like nonimportation and urged unity among colonies.

What happened at Lexington and Concord?

Generals were ordered to confiscate ammunition, leading to the first battle.

What did Dickinson's Olive Branch Petition attempt?

Attempted peace with Britain during the Second Continental Congress.

What did 'Common Sense' by Thomas Paine advocate for?

It shifted public opinion towards wanting independence.

What was important about the Declaration of Independence's timeline?

It was declared on July 2, but signed later on August 2.