Unit 3 study guide

Introduction

1. What was hanging on Benjamin Franklin's wall in the late 1750s?

An Oil Portrait of the dwarf hermit (Benjamin Lay) standing outside his cave holding an open book

2. What did the Quakers of Pennsylvania do in 1758?

Announced Slave trading

3. Lepore writes 'There were not one but two American Revolutions at the end of the eighteenth century...only one was won." What are the two revolutions?

Struggle for American Independence, struggle to end Slavery

Part One

1. Where did the conflict between the French and British begin?

They were attacking each others Ships

2. When was the first skirmish and what future individual of interest was involved?

May of 1754, Lieutenant Colonel George Washington

3. What was Fort Necessity?

A small wooden garrison built by the fleeing fleet of Virginia’s

4. What were some causes of conflict between the French and British listed by Lepore?

Trade in the east Indies, Shipping in the Mississippi, Sugar Plantations in Western N

5. What did the British colonists in America call this war?

French and Indian war

6. What did the British government do about the territorial tension in the west that made Benjamin Franklin upset?

Sending regiments of the british army under General Edward Braddock

7. What happened to General Edward Braddock?

Died, Shot in an ambush by the French

8. How many troops were in North America fighting for the British?

45,000 Soldiers

9. How did William Pitt win the war? What was the result?

overtook Quebec, French captures Join england and spend a lot of money

10. What were some striking social differences between the British military and the colonial militias?

British rank meant everything but America had no distinction of rank. 1/5 men could vote in england but 2/3 men could in America.

11. What proportion of men in Britain could vote? What proportion in the colonies?

Less than 1/5 in england and 2/3 in America

12. Lepore notes that American colonists were more egalitarian (less concerned about class and rank) and more democratic (many more could vote) than their British counterparts. Yet she points out a paradox that she believes is important to note. What is this paradox?

•She explained how the voting proportions made it an absolute democracy and that the value was centered under slavery value

13. What turned the tide of the French and Indian War to favor the British in 1759?

• People of Iroquois joines the British after they abandoned their longstand.

14. What were the terms of peace in 1763?

• France ceded their land

15. How much did the war add to Britain's debt?

• Nearly bankrupted them and doubled their debt

16. The rebellion of Ottawa Chief Pontiac led the British government to enact two orders. What were they?

•No colonist west of the Appalachia mountains / regulation of Trading goods and purchases

17. Which act in 1764 did Parliament pass to pay off the war debt?

• The Sugar act

18. What was different about the Sugar Act from previous forms of taxation?

• Taxes used to not be enforced and only collected by colonies

19. What did Samuel Adams, cousin of future president John Adams, argue in the 1760s about taxation?

• That they were not reduces from the Charter of Free rules by force, and ruled by force is slavery

20. Adam Smith mentioned in Wealth of Nations (1776) that one crop from America in particular produced a lot of wealth in part because of a monopoly on it. What was it?

• Sugar

21. What was the Stamp Act? Did the colonists have to pay a heavier burden or lighter burden on this tax as compared to the mother kingdom?

• taxes on everything Gov. issued papers / Cheaper

22. Which group of men did the Stamp Act most impact (as shown with Benjamin Franklin's complaint)?

• The People of the Press

23. Which document did Benjamin Franklin reference when he appeared before Parliament in London with regards to the refusal of paying the stamp tax by Pennsylvania colonists?

•The Magna Charta

24. Lepore notes that thirteen mainland colonies rebelled against the stamp tax while nearly another thirteen colonies such as Barbados, Antigua, Jamaica, Bermuda, and other West Indies islands complied with the stamp tax even though it was more burdensome than it was for the mainland colonies. According to Lepore, why did the island colonies easily comply while the mainland colonies protested?

Concerns about the possibility of another slave rebellion

25. How did the Sons of Liberty (American men who refused to comply with the Stamp Act) respond to those on the islands who were willing to comply?

A punishment of a boycott of Caribbean goods.

26. What did James Otis's Rights of the British Colonists, Asserted, argue?

Colonists are born nature free as indeed all men are

27. What did George Mason of Virginia write to George Washington in 1765?

That slavery was the primary cause of destruction

28. The week after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, what did Boston vote to do?

Total abolishing of slavery

29. What was the Declaratory Act that shortly followed the repeal of the Stamp Act?

The authority to make laws

30. What was the Townshend Act that followed the Declaratory Act?

Taxes over lead, paper, glass, and tea.

31. When the citizens of Boston boycotted and rioted against the Townshend Act, what did the prime minister do?

Established two regiments of the British Army to enforce the law

32. When the soldiers stationed in Boston fired into a crowd killing five in March 1770, what did the Sons of Liberty call it?

A massacre, Boston massacre

33. What were two lessons taught by the Somerset case?

Courts offered freedom, England could promise better chance of freedom

34. What was the Tea Act of 1773?

Reduces the tax on tea, asserted Parliament’s right to tax

35. How did the people of Boston respond to the Tea Act?

Disguised themselves as Indians and dumped chests of tea into the harbor

36. How did Parliament respond to Boston's actions?

They passed the Coercive Act, closed Boston harbor annulled Massachusetts Charter.

37. What did James Madison of Virginia surmise as the reason northern colonies were more resistant to the Tea Act than the middle and southern colonies?

Because northern colonies had no established religion

38. How many colonies were represented at the First Continental Congress when it met in Philadelphia in September 1774?

12 of 13 Colonies

39. After George Washington, a delegate for Virginia at the First Continental Congress, discussed the matter of resistance with the 'Boston people' (the people of Massachusetts), what did he remark about their feelings of independence?

It is not the wish or interest Government to set up for democracy

40. At the convention, delegate Patrick Henry stated 'I am not a Virginian, but an American.'

Part Two

1. What did the Continental Congress urge colonists to do?

muster their militias and Stock Pile weapons

2. Samuel Johnson from Britain and Benjamin Rush from America both leveled the same accusation against America. What was this accusation?

hypocrisy, Slavery

3. What did General Thomas Gage order which led to the first shots of the war?

Seizing of ammo outside boston and Lexington

4. How many died in this first battle of the conflict?

12 men

5. When the smoke settled, the rebels attempted to lay siege to Boston. How many of the 15,000 residents attempted to flee?

12,000 residents

6. Who did John Adams nominate to command the Continental Army?

George Washington

7. Throughout the fall of 1775, what were colonists most interested in fighting for?

Rights as an Englishman

8. What did Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, offer to the enslaved?

Freedom to Slaves Who Joined British Army

9. What happened to James Madison's grandfather in 1732?

Murdered by Slaves (Poison)

10. What did George Washington's slave, Harry, do while Washington was away commanding the Continental Army?

Flees and joined Dunmore's forces

11. Lepore asserts that more than tea or taxes, what ultimately tipped the scale in favor of American independence?

Dunmore's offers of freedom to the Slaves

12. According to Lepore, what was the second most important impetus for independence?

Brooding and tireless actions of Thomas Paine

13. According to Thomas Paine, what was the most unnatural distinction in creation?

Equality, Kings and his Subjects

14. According to George Mason in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and Forms of Government, drafted in May 1776, all power is derived from

the People

15. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams and a future First Lady, stated that if women were not paid attention to in a new government, what would they do?

Foment a Rebellion, no voice no representation because they will have no laws

16. How did John Adams respond?

Negatively/humorous

17. The first written government structure the United States had was designed by John Dickinson. What was the name of this document?

Articles of Confederation

18. The Declaration of Independence was not a declaration of war. Why not?

Statement act, force within the laws of nations

what they were fighting for, and why?

19. What passage did Jefferson initially add to the Declaration of Independence, but which Congress removed?

Blaming King George for causing Slavery and Violating human rights

20. Who did Jamaica blame for their slave uprising in July 1776?

Americans for insiting it

Part Three

1. What percentage of slaves attempted to flee the newly-formed United States?

One in five Slaves fled

2. How many soldiers did the British begin the war with? How many did Washington have?

British 32,000, Washington 19,000

3. In what ways did the War for American Independence become a world war?

British troops spread thin, war for empire

4. What happened to many of the slaves on British islands when the French captured the territories?

Starved and died

5. To Americans, the Revolutionary War was not a world war, but rather a

civil war.

6. What strategy did British General Henry Clinton believe was imperative to win?

to win the hearts and minds of americans

7. Why were the southern states important to the British government and economy?

Because they had wealthy sugar Plantations

8. What was one suggestion made by the Continental Congress to safeguard the southern states of South Carolina and Georgia? How did the citizens of the state respond to this suggestion?

Enlist 3,000 slave troops, proposal was rejected

9. Where was the British navy Lord Cornwallis desperately needed after stationing in Yorktown, Virginia?

in the Caribbean

10. Lepore wrote 'Britain kept the Caribbean but gave up America.'

11. How many Loyalists evacuated America?

60,000

12. What recommendation did the Marquis de Lafayette make to George Washington near the conclusion of the war?

Finish what the revolution had begun, Small Purchases of estate

13. What was the first legislature in the western world to pass an abolition law?

Banning the selling of slaves, slaves born after march 1780 after 28 years will be free

14. Why did James Madison conclude that it would not be wise to bring his slave, Billey, back to Montpelier in Virginia from Philadelphia where he had been living for years?

He would incite a rebellion

15. How did the American Revolution impact the anti-slavery and pro-slavery movement in both Britain and in the United States?

It decreased the amount of slaves which raised anti-slavery and lowered pro-slavery

Formations of acts

The Proclamation Line of 1763

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: Following the Seven Year war, the British attempted to keep peace between Natives & colonists. They divided the land along the Appalachian mountains. Colonists ignored and angered.

The Sugar Act, 1764

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: Reduced the rate of Molasses Act (1733) by half which had never been collected. Controversial because Salutary neglect had been abandoned.

The Stamp Act, 1765

• Margin Note: Only Va can tax Va (Va Resolves)

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: First direct tax - Physical impact. Patrick Henry advocates the VA Resolves. Stamp Act Congress, No va, Challenged virtual representation, colonists have the same rights as england, No taxation without representation.

The Quartering Act, 1765

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: Shortening the empires boundaries, required colonists to allow soldiers to live in their home, Take care of them as one of their own.

Declaratory Act, 1766

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: Repealed the stamp tax, declared Parliament authority to tax. rebuke of the VA Resolves.

Townshend Duties, 1767 (Revenue Act)

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: Townshend sought help from the colonists, to seek indirect to seek compromise with the colonies and Indirectly taxed glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.

Other forms of resistance: Daughters of Liberty and Sons of Liberty

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: Daughters and Sons of Liberty responded to Townshend Acts by nonimportation and protests.

Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770

• What is it? What was the colonial response?: British soldiers in Boston open fire on citizens. 5 killed including Crispus Attucks. 6 of the soldiers go on trial under John Adams, 2 were guilty of manslaughter.

Tea Act, 1773 And Boston Tea Party

P.M. Lord North repeals Townshend act besides tea tax, Parliament sends cheap tea to save India tea company. Colonists responded by stealing/hiding tea.

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts, 1774

Boston Port Act. - closed Port of boston until repayed

Massachusetts Govt. Act. - Revoked Massa. Charter, martial law replaced - (military)

Administration of Justice Act. - Trials of accussed royal officials in england

Quartering act. - Strengthening previous quartering act

The Quebec Act, 1774

Expanded territory rights of Quebec - Power to French Catholics

First Continental Congress, 1774

All colonists (not Georgia) Addresses issues of Massachusetts facing Boston (12 of 13) in Philadelphia

Joseph Galloway Proposed a mini Parliament inside the colonies failed by 1 vote

Encouraged nonimportation and adjourned until the following year.

Lexington and Concord, 1775

18, April / 19, April Orders were given to Gen. Gage to march on Concord to secretly confiscate stored ammunition. Paul Revere and Dr. Dawes Sounded the alarm, minutemen met british resulting in 49 American casualties and 73 British casualties.

The Second Continental Congress, 1775-1776

Dickinson's olive Branch Petition attempted Peace. They appointed Washington as the head of the Continental Army.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine, 1776

Shifted American minds from Peaceful to wanting independence

Paper publish by an englishman

Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, 1776

Congress declares independence on July 2, wasn't entirely signed until Aug. 2, document submitted to Congress July 4th.