HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide

A Tissue is

Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions

4 tissues of the human body

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

connective tissue

provides support for your body and connects all its parts

circulatory system function

to transport blood to all parts of the body like gases, nutrients, and waste

circulatory system includes

heart, blood vessels, blood

pulmonary loop

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

systemic loop

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Blood travels through the heart

body, superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, B/L pulmonary arteries, lungs, (oxygenated now) pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valves, ascending aorta, systemic circulation

pericardial cavity

contains the heart, filled with serous fluid made by pericardium (lining of pericardial cavity)

3 layers of the heart

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart, connective tissue

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart. Performs pumping function, made of cardiac muscular tissue

endocardium

Inner layer of the heart, smooth, keeps blood from sticking

4 chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

atrium

Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart

Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

atrioventricular valves

valves between the atria and ventricles

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular node

picks up signals from SA node, tells ventricles to contract

the heart valves

try pulling my aorta: Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aorta

lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel-lined with endothelium

Arteries

carries blood away from the heart-largest is AORTA

Arterioles

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

aortic arch

branch into brachiocephalic, left common artery, left subclavian artery

brachiocephalic artery

supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck

left common carotid artery

supplies left side of head and neck

left subclavian artery

supplies blood to the left arm

descending aorta

the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aorta

iliac arteries

descending aorta splits into this at L4-bring blood to pelvis and legs

Veins

carry blood to the heart-deoxygenated

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

superior vena cava

ascends from R atrium, delivers blood to head and neck

inferior vena cava

descends from R atrium, delivers blood to lx veins, gonadal veins, hepatic veins, phrenic veins, and renal veins.

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Erythrocytes

made in red bone marrow and transport oxygen

Hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Thrombocytes

platelets; blood clotting

Plasma

Liquid part of blood-55% of total blood volume.

90% water

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

upper respiratory tract

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx

Nasal cavity function

warms, moistens, and filters air

olfactory membrane

10 million to 20 million receptor cells embedded

throat

pharynx; smooth, muscular, lined w/mucus and has 3 regions:

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

Path of air travel

nose-->nasopharynx(where eustachian tubes connect w/pharynx)-->oropharynx(where air from mouth enters pharynx)-->laryngopharynx (air and food pass through this)

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Larynx

between pharynx and trachea; voice box; made of:

epiglottis

thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs, and muscles that help with breathing

Trachea

windpipe; made of fibrous and elastic tissues, smooth muscle, 20 cartilage rings

Bronchi

2 branches extend from L primary bronchi, 3 branches extend from R. (Corresponds to number of lobes)

Bronchioles

no cartilage, made of smooth muscle ad elastic fiber tissue, branch to terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

connect to alveoli, which is where gas exchange occurs

Lungs

surrounded by Pleura: double layer membrane made of

Parietal Pleura and

Visceral Pleura

between those 2 layers is hollow space called pleural cavity (allows for lungs to expand)

muscles that play major role in respiration

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

diaphragm

made of skeletal muscle; located under the lungs, forming the floor of the thorax.

external intercostal muscles

raises the rib cage during inspiration

internal intercostal muscles

lowers the rib cage during forced expiration

Inhalation/inspiration

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward; external intercostal muscles contract to expand ribcage; lungs at LOWER PRESSURE than atmosphere until air is inhaled

exhalation/expiration

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax;

internal intercostal muscles contract;

thoracic cavity becomes smaller and pressure in lungs climbs HIGHER than atmospheric pressure-air moves out of lungs

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

vital capacity

The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

eupnea

normal breathing

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

bone matrix

nonliving, structural part of bone

living bones (osteocytes)

found at edges of bones and throughout the bone matrix in small cavities.

play vital part in growth, development, and repair of bones.

Periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

contains collagen fibers for anchoring

holds stem and osteoblast cells necessary for growth and repair

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

cancellous (spongy) bone

found at ends of long bones and in vertebrae.

less dense than compact bone, but has large surface area.

functional unit of it: Trabecula- holds red bone marrow

Ossification

process of bone formation by osteoblasts

Osteoclasts are

cells that break down bone matrix.

located on surface of bones

help balance calcium levels

Hematopoiesis

production of blood cells via stem cells

5 types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

long bones

longer than they are wide

divided: Epiphyses (ends of bone)

Diaphysis (located in middle)-has hollow medullary cavity, stores bone marrow

short bones

long as they are wide

cube or round shaped

carpals and tarsals

flat bones

no medullary cavity due to thin nature

rivs, hip bones, frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of skull.

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and sacrum

sesamoid bones

patella or pisiform bone

formed inside tendons and located across the joints.

skull

22 bones (8 cranial, 14 facial)

only 1 movable joint: mandible (jaw bone)

Crainum

skull that protects the brain

hyoid bone

keeps the trachea open and anchors the tongue muscles

not attached to any other bone

Ribs

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.

12 pair

True ribs (1-7)

have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage

false ribs (8-12)

ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum

Axial skeleton includes

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Ulna

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

radius bone

smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb

Tibia

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

Talus

ankle bone

Joints (articulations)

synovial

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial joints

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

fibrous joints

generally immovable

hold teeth in their sockets

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage (vertebral bodies)

Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

3 types:

cardiac

visceral

skeletal

visceral muscle

smooth muscle; involuntary;

found in stomach, intestines, and blood vessels

(helps contract) weak muscles

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart;

very strong muscle type

made of cardiomyocytes that are joined by intercalated discs. (allow them to contract in sync)