Medications Used for Musculoskeletal System Disorders

A set of 30 flashcards based on Unit 21 lecture notes regarding musculoskeletal system medications, including anti-inflammatories, DMARDs, and treatments for osteoporosis and gout.

What components comprise the musculoskeletal system?

Bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons

How many bones are in the human musculoskeletal system?

$206$ bones

According to the transcript, how many muscles are in the human body?

More than $650$ muscles

What is the definition of inflammation provided in the notes?

A normal response to injury, infection, or irritation of living tissue

What three symptoms are associated with inflammation?

Redness, pain, and swelling

What are the common causes of inflammation mentioned in the text?

Break in skin, contact with caustic substances, rheumatic diseases, and injuries

What is the primary function and limitation of most anti-inflammatory drugs?

They provide symptomatic relief, but do not treat the cause

What is another name for Corticosteroids?

Glucocorticoids

How do Corticosteroids affect the immune system?

They modify the body’s immune responses

By what four routes can Corticosteroids be administered?

Orally, topically, by IM injection, or by intra-articular injection

Name five contraindications for Corticosteroids involving specific diseases or infections.

Known hypersensitivity, systemic fungal infections, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, acute glomerulonephritis, and amebiasis

Corticosteroids are contraindicated in children of what age?

Children younger than $2$ years of age

What is the mechanism of action for Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

They work by inhibiting prostaglandins synthesis

What is a common side effect of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

GI distress

Which anticoagulant drug may have its effect potentiated by NSAIDs?

Warfarin

Besides coagulation, what body level can be affected by NSAIDs?

Blood glucose levels

What are the alternative names for Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)?

SAARDs or second-line drugs

What is the goal of using DMARDs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

To limit irreversible joint damage and decrease disease progression

What specific drugs or drug classes are included in DMARDs?

Gold preparations, antimalarials, penicillamine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, and immunosuppressants

What is Cyclooxygenase (COX)?

An enzyme involved in aspects of normal cellular function and inflammatory response

What are the two forms of the Cyclooxygenase enzyme?

Cox-1 and Cox-2

Reducing the production of compounds that cause inflammation is achieved by inhibiting which enzyme?

COX-2

What are two examples of COX-2 Inhibitors?

Celebrex and Mobic

What is the function of Antitumor Necrosis Factor Drugs/Biological Response Modifiers?

They disrupt the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to slow or halt the destruction of joints

List four examples of Antitumor Necrosis Factor Drugs.

Humira, Cimizia, Enbrel, and Remicade

There is an increased risk of what condition when using Antitumor Necrosis Factor drugs?

Systemic fungal infections

What T-score indicates a loss of bone density and strength classified as osteoporosis?

$-2.5$ or below

What categories of antiresorptive medications are used to treat osteoporosis?

Bisphosphonates, calcitonin, ET and HT, and estrogen agonists/antagonists

What causes Gout?

Excessive uric acid in blood (hyperuricemia) and deposits of urates of sodium in joints

What are the primary medications used for acute and preventative gout treatment?

Colchicine for acute attacks and Allopurinol for prevention