Biology Module 4 Flashcards

Only one ___ allele is needed to express the phenotype.

Dominant

Two ___ alleles are needed to express the phenotype.

Recessive

Inheritance in which the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is a mix of both traits.

Incomplete Dominance

The expression of both alleles in a genotype heterozygous for two alleles.

Codominance

Complexes of proteins in the cell membrane where a cell makes contact with another cell or the extracellular matrix.

Cell Junctions

-Cytoskeleton Element

-Made up of Actin

-Resist Tension

-Cytoskeleton Element

-Made up of Protein Subunits

-Holds Organelles in Place

Intermediate Filaments

-Cytoskeleton Element

-Made up of alpha/beta tubulin dimers

-Maintains Cell Shape, Grows and Shrinks in Cell

Microtubules

Polymerization (Growth) and Depolymerization (Shrinkage) in microtubules is referred to as ___ instability.

Dynamic

Microtubules have a minus (-) end at the ___ and a plus (+) end away from it.

Centrosome

-Motor Protein

-Carries Cargo Towards Plus End of Microtubules

Kinesin

-Motor Protein

-Carries Cargo Towards Minus End of Microtubules

Dynein

-Cell Junction

-Connects to Actin Filaments

-Stops Outside Substances From Passing Layers

Tight

-Cell Junction

-Connects to Actin Microfilaments

-Sticks Cells Together

Adherens

-Cell Junction

-Connects to Intermediate Filaments

-Sticks Cells Together

Desmosomes

-Cell Junction

-Connects to Actin

-Allows for transferring of molecules from one cell to the next

Plasmodesmata

-Cell Junction

-Anchors Cells to the Basal Lamina

Hemidesmosomes

The four ___ types of animals are:

-Epithelial

-Connective

-Muscle

and

-Nerve

*Are Made Up of Cells

Tissue

-Bone

-Cartlidge

-Blood

-Tissue Type

-Provides Structural Support to Body

Connective Tissue

-Layered Tissue

-Protects Body

-Skin

Epithelial

-Located in Epidermis

-Cell Type

-Produces Protein that helps protect Skin

Keratinocytes

-Located in Epidermis

-Cell Type

-Produces Protein that provides skin color

Melanocytes

-Located in Dermis

-Cell Type

-Produces Protein that helps protect Skin and repairs wounds

Fibroblasts

-Tissue Type

-Skeletal

-Muscle

-Smooth

-Allows for Facilitated Movement of Body

Muscle Tissue

-Tissue Type

-Allows for Body Communication

Nerve Tissue

Name of the process that involves all the chemical reactions in a cell.

Metabolism

Chemical reaction that involves breaking substances down.

Catabolism

Chemical reaction that involves building up substances.

Anabolism

Breaking a bond will ___ energy.

Require

Forming a bond will ___ energy.

Release

The ____ in energy (Delta G) is equal to Final State-Initial State.

Change

What is the Change in energy here?

-400 KJ

Energy cannot be created or destroyed describes the ___ law of thermodynamics.

First

All things go towards chaos or a simpler state over time describes the ___ law of thermodynamics. (Entropy)

Second

-Delta G is Negative

-A reaction releases Energy

These traits describe an ___ reaction.

Exergonic

-Delta G is Positive

-A reaction consumes Energy

These traits describe an ___ reaction.

Endergonic

*First Step of Cellular Respiration

Inputs: 1 Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP, 2 Inorganic Phosphate

Outputs: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Glycolysis

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

*Second Step of Cellular Respiration

Inputs: 2 Pyruvate, 2 Coenzyme A, 2 NAD+

Outputs: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Pyruvate Oxidation

Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur?

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Mitochondrial Matrix

*Third Step of Cellular Respiration

Inputs: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP, 2 Inorganic Phosphate

Outputs: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Citric Acid Cycle

*Final Step of Cellular Respiration

Inputs: All the NADH and FADH2

Outputs: Lots of ATP (28-32)

Electron Transport Chain

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

Cellular Respiration that takes place in the absence of Oxygen is referred to as ____ respiration.

(Fermentation)

Anerobic

Signaling molecule is referred to as a ___.

Ligand

-Protein

-Binds to Ligand

Receptor

-Signaling Type

-Lond Distance

-Ligand Travels Through The Blood

Endocrine

-Signaling Type

-Short Range

Paracrine

-Signaling Type

-Cell Signals to Itself

Autocrine

-Signaling Type

-Cells Must Touch to Communicate/Signal

Contact Dependent

Enzyme that removes phosphate group from a molecule.

(Dephosphorylation)

Phosphatase

Enzyme that adds phosphate group from a molecule.

(Phosphorylation)

Kinase