PNB Spring Quiz Prep - Reproductive System

What is sex?

biologically determined

Who has larger gametes?

females

Who has small gametes?

males

What chromosomes do females have?

XX

What chromosomes do males have?

XY

How many people fall into one of these two sex categories (XX or XY)?

98.3%

How many people have a chromosomal anomaly, but present as either male or female?

1.6%

How many people are intersex?

0.01%

What is gender?

social construct; society’s definiton of masucline and feminine (personal identity)

What is chromosmal sex?

XX

What is genotypic sex?

SRY or not

What is 45, X?

turner syndrome

What is the gonadal phenotype of turner syndrome?

streak ovaries, no puberty, impaired fertility

What are clinical concerns of turner syndrome?

caardiac & renal defects, lymphedema

What is 47, XXY?

Klinefelter syndrome

What is the gonadal phenotype of klinefelter syndrome?

small testes, delayed/incompleted puberty, imapired fertility

What are the clinical concerns of Klinefelter syndrome?

breast cancer, learning disabilities

What is 45 X, 46 XY?

mixed gonadal dysgenesis

What is the gonadal phenotype of mmixed gonadal dysgenesis?

streak ovary & testis, incomplete puberty, impaired fertility

What are clinical concerns of mixed gonadal dysgensis?

cardiac & renal defects

What is 46 XX, 46 XY?

chromosomal ovotesticular

What is the gondadal phenotype of chromsomal ovotesticular?

testicular & ovarian tissue present

What are the clinical concerns of chromosomal ovotesticular?

hyospadias, cryptorchidism

What is the SRY gene?

sex-determining region Y; present on male chromosomes

What does SRY drive?

expression of testosterone and DHT

What is androgen sensitivity?

how strongly a person’s cells respond to androgen hormones (ex. testosterone)

What is phenotypic sex?

expression of male or female anatomy

What is internal phenotypic sex?

presence of testes or ovaries

What is external phenotypic sex?

genitalia

What are the functions of reproductive organs?

pleasure, bonding, exploration, stress relief

What are the parent cells of mitosis?

2n

What are the daughter cells of mitosis?

2 daughter cells (2n)

What is the division of mitosis?

one division

What are the parent cells of meiosis?

2n

What are the daughter cells of meiosis?

2 daughter cells (2n)

What is the division of meiosis?

daughter cells each divide

What are the gametes of meiosis?

4 (In)

What is gametogenesis

creation of gametes

What is the first step of gamete formation?

stem cell (gametogonia) replication

What is the second step of gamete formation?

meiosis

What is the third step of gamete formation?

gamete maturation

When does gametogenesis begin (males and females)?

before birth

When is gametogensis completed (males and females)?

after puberty

What is gametogonia?

stem cells located within the gonads that act as the precursors to sex cells (gametes)

When does gametogonia mitosis begin in females?

week 7

When does gametogonia end in females?

week 20-22

When does gametogenesis meiosis begin in females

prophase I, week 22

When is gametogenesis meiosis completed in females?

meiosis II after contact with sperm

When does gametogonia mitosis begin in males?

week 7-8

When is gametogonia mitosis completed in males?

never; continues through life

When does gametogensis meiosis begin for males?

puberty

When is gametogenesis meiosis completed in males?

never; continues through life

What is oogenesis?

biological process of creating female gametes (ova or eggs) in the ovaries

What are female stem cells?

oogonia

When is oognia present?

developing fetus going through mitosis

When is oogenesis meiosis I completed?

prior to ovulation

When is oogeneis meiosis II completed?

after interaction with sperm

What is cytokinesis during oogenesis meiosis I and II?

unequal; into daughter oocytes

What are polar bodies?

smaller cell of cytokinesis; non-viable during meiosis I and II

What does cytokinesis result in?

1 larger cell, 1 small cell (aka polar body)

What do polar bodeis contain?

DNA; do not go through further splitting

What is spermatogenesis?

biological process of creating mature male sperm cells (spermatozoa) within the testes

What are the types of spermatogenesis?

Type A and type B

What is type A spermatogonia?

stem cell that undergoes mitosis to divide into further type A cells or type B spermatogonia

What is type B spermatogonia?

undergo mitosis and further differentiate into primary spermatocytes, enter meiosis

What are male stem cells?

spermatagonia

What is spermatogonia?

stem cells that produce sperm; go through two mitotic divisions

What is Meiosis I in spermatogenesis?

primary spermatocyte divides into secondary spermatocytes

What is meiosis II in spermatogenesis?

secondary spermatocyte divides into spermatids

What is spermiogenesis?

spermatids develop into sperm

What connects round spermatid?

cytoplasmic bridge (share the cytoplasm equally)

How long does spermatogenesis (formation of sperm) take?

approx. 74 days (60-80 day timeline)

What is spermiogenesis?

transformation into sperm; final stage of spermatogenesis

What is the result of spermiogenesis?

gain midpiece, flagellum, and acrosome

What is the flagellum?

tail of the sperm

What is the acrosome?

filled with proteases (enzymes) needed for fertilization; protects the oocyte

What organelles remain during spermiogenesis?

nucleus, centriole, mitochondria

What makes up the head of sperm?

acrosome and nucleus

What makes up the mid-piece of sperm?

centrioles and mitochondria

What makes up the tail of sperm?

flagellum and microtubules

What are gonads?

produce gametes

What are copulation organs?

physical contact, stimulation, and lubrication during intercourse

What are the kinds of copulation organs?

sensory and secretory organs

What are sensory organs?

specialized structures that detect stimuli from the environment and send signals to the brain

What are secretory organs?

organs or glands produce and release substances like hormones, enzymes, or fluids

What is part of the female reproductive anatomy?

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands

What are ovaries?

female gonad; produce oocytes/gametes

What are uterine tubes?

aka fallopian tubes; move into the uterus

What is the function of the uterus?

gestation

What is the function of the vagina?

copulation and parturition (giving birth)

What are the parts of the ovary?

cortex and medulla

What is the ovary cortex tissue?

simple cuboidal epithelium

What is the ovary cortex?

developing follicles, remnants of ovulated follicles

What is the ovary medulla?

blood vessels and nerves

What are ovarian follicles?

small, fluid-filled structures inside the ovaries that contain and support immature egg cells (oocytes)

How long does maturation from primodrial to tertairy follicle take?

300 day period

What is a follicle?

oocyte + nourishing cells

What does FSH secretion stimualte?

follicle growth into different stages

What is aromatase?

converts androgens into estrogens

What makes up the primordial follicle?

arrested oocyte and pre-granulosa cells