Medical Terms Referring to Certain General Pathological Processes

ANATOMY

Is the study of the structure and form of an organism.

HUMAN ANATOMY

Deals with the structure and form of the various parts of the human body.

GROSS or MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Study of any part of the body as seen with the naked eye.

HISTOLOGY or MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Study of the structure of minute parts such as cells or tissues that are not visible as separate entities to the naked eye.

EMBRYOLOGY or DEVELOPMENTAL

Study of the structural changes that take place in the fertilized ovum up to the time of birth.

SURFACE or REGIONAL or TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY

Study of what part of the surface of the body corresponds to the various organs and structures within the body.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Study of the similarities and differences in structure of the various body parts of the body, among different species of living things.

PHYSIOLOGY

Is the study of the function or behavior of the organs or the structures of the body.

NOMINA ANATOMICA

A list of the names of parts of the body compiled by the international anatomical Nomenclature Committee.

The committee that made the complied list of names of parts of the body.

International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee

EPONYMS

Proper names used as names for anatomical structures have been replaced by descriptive names.

DIPHTHONGS

Two vowels occurring together and pronounced as a single sound have been eliminated.

Hyphens between vowels

________________________ occurring together in the middle of the words and in compound words have been discontinued.

Alternate names

________________________ have been retained in some instances.

GREEK

LATIN

ANGLOSAXON

ORIGINS OF ANATOMICAL NAMES

ANATOMICAL POSITION

The subject stands upright with the limbs extended, face to the front, palms of the hands facing the front, and the feet together.

MEDIAN LINE OF THE BODY

A line drawn vertical through the center of the forehead, nose, chin, chest, abdomen, and between the legs.

from PLANUS (L) = FLAT

PLANE

PLANE

a real imaginary flat surface.

LONGITUDINAL PLANE

Is the flat surface made by cutting lengthwise or along the long axis of the body or a part of it.

LONGITUDINAL PLANE

The cut could be from side to side or from front to back, and with the subject standing upright or lying down, or in any other position.

TRANSVERSE PLANE

Is a flat surface made by cutting through the body or part of it crossways, or at the right angles to the long axis.

VERTICAL PLANE

Is a longitudinal plane made with the subject upright.

HORIZONTAL PLANE

Is a transverse plane made with the subject upright.

MIDSAGITTAL or MEDIAN PLANE

Longitudinal plane made by cutting from front to back along the median line the body, and along the sagittal suture of the skull.

SAGITTAL PLANE

Longitudinal plane made by cutting from front to back to one or the other side of the sagittal suture, and parallel to MSP.

frontal plane

CORONAL PLANE also known as?

CORONAL PLANE

Or frontal plane, longitudinal plane made by cutting lengthwise and from side to side.

DNA or DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Consists of complex molecules located in the chromosomes of the nuclei of body cells.

Each contains thousands of compounds with a nitrogen base, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms, deoxyribose, and a phosphate.

Formula of DNA

DNA or DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Responsible for multiple genes, and the transmission of hereditary traits.

RNA or RIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID

A compound molecule located in the nucleoli of cell nuclei, or in the cytoplasm.

It contains nitrogen, ribose, a sugar with 5 carbon atoms and phosphate.

Formula for RNA

CELL MEMBRANE

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

CELL ORIGINS CONSIST OF THREE PARTS

PLASMA MEMBRANE

CELL MEMBRANE also called?

CELL MEMBRANE

A very thin covering that surrounds each cell.

CELL MEMBRANE

It forms a wall to contain the cell contents, but it is permeable to water and many molecules, allowing them to pass in or out of the cell.

(L) - LITTLE NUT

NUCLEUS also known as?

NUCLEUS

Is a centrally placed rounded part of the cell that is separated from the remainder of the cell by the nuclear membrane.

NUCLEUS

Controls cellular activity and contains chromosomes and a small, rounded granule called nucleolus.

Nucleolus

Small rounded granule called

Nuclear Membrane

The remainder of the cell

CHROMOSOMES

Are long threadlike filaments contained within the nucleus.

CHROMOSOMES

Contains proteins and DNA molecules that carry genes.

NUCLEOLUS

Rounded body within the nucleus.

NUCLEOLUS

It contains RNA molecules and proteins.

CYTOPLASM

Is that part of a cell that lies outside of the nucleus.

MITOCHONDRIA

Sausage shaped bodies, the power plants, with enzymes producing chemical reactions that produce energy.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULA

Minute canals that build up proteins.

(Synthesize proteins)

GOLGI BODIES

Minute vesicles, small sacs that concentrate or condense intracellular materials.

LYSOSOMES

Minute droplets that digest proteins, etc.

CENTROSOMES

Small spherical bodies containing two cylinders which take part in cell division.

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

The fluid within the cytoplasm.

THE CELL BODY

Consist of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm

CELL PROCESS

Are projections that extend out from the cell body in some types of cells, such as nerves and bone cells.

SOMATIC CELLS

Terms used to include all the cells of the body except the genetic (reproductive) cells.

GENETIC CELLS or REPRODUCTIVE CELLS

Include those cells that produce an embryo, the ovum, or egg in the female, and the spermatozoon, or sperm in the male.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE - EPITHELIUM

A thin sheet of tissue composed of cells cemented together to form a covering or lining membrane, such as skin, covering of a lung, or lining of a blood vessel or the intestine, etc.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE - EPITHELIUM

contains nerve endings (RECEPTORS) but no blood vessels.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE - EPITHELIUM

It gives protection, manufactures secretions, and allows absorption and excretion.

PAVEMENT EPITHELIUM

Single layer of flat cobblestone or tubelike cells.

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

A layer of cube-shaped cells cemented together.

COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A layer of cylindrical cells joined together.

POLYHEDRAL EPITHELIUM

Many-sided cells are cemented together.

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

Consist of a single layer of cells cemented together to form a continuous sheet.

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

Consist of several layers of cells cemented together to form a membrane.

Mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin.

PAVEMENT EPITHELIUM

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

POLYHEDRAL EPITHELIUM

Epithelium ACCORDING TO THEIR SHAPES:

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

Epithelium TYPES:

ENDOTHELIUM

MESOTHELIUM

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

PARTS OF SIMPLE AND STRATIFIED

ENDOTHELIUM

A type of simple epithelium with a single layer of cells forming the lining of blood vessels.

MESOTHELIUM

A type of simple single-layered epithelium that lines the body cavities, the pleura. pericardium.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

A type of simple or stratified epithelium that contains goblet cells and secretes mucus.

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Are supporting and binding tissues of the body.

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Functions to support, connect or bind other important tissues and to fill in spaces within and about organs.

LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Consist of semi-liquid or jellylike matrix surrounding well separated cells.

Network of loosely arranged fibers.

Wavy white bundles of fibers containing collagen that yield gelatin with boiling, and yellow elastic fibers that are stretchable.

ADIPOSE (FATTY) TISSUE

Modified connective tissue.

The nucleus of each cell is pushed to one side by fat that is deposited in the cytoplasm.

FIBROUS TISSUE

Type of connective tissue in which the matrix consists of bundles of collagen fibers that either lie parallel to each other or form a crisscross of fibers when in sheets.

Forms strong cords or sheets of tissue.

Tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses.

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Largely composed of elastic fibers that are contractile and stretchable.

Found in structures that must expand and contract.

Walls of large blood vessels, lungs, membranes lining the hollow organs.

RETICULAR TISSUE

Is composed of a fine network (RETICULUM) of fibers.

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.

CARTILAGE or GRISTLE

Oval shaped nucleated cells surrounded by a matrix that cements the cells into a firm but flexible structure.

Hyaline cartilage

Clear matrix

Costal cartilages, nasals and laryngeal cartilages, and the ringlike cartilages of the trachea and bronchi.

CARTILAGE or GRISTLE types:

FIBROCARTILAGE

White collagen fibers

Articular discs at some joints such as intervertebral discs, semilunar cartilages at the knee, wrist, symphysis pubis, TMJ, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Elastic fibers

Epiglottis, cartilages of the external ear, auditory canals.

BONE or OSSEOUS TISSUE

Modified connective tissue.

Nucleated cells with many processes extending out from the cell bodies.

The spaces about the processes and between cells are impregnated with calcium phosphate forming a rigid matrix.

MUSCULAR TISSUE: MUSCLE TISSUE

Elongated, cylindrical, or spindle-shaped cells cemented together to form bundles of sheets.

Muscle cells are also called MUSCLE FIBERS.

Minute fibrils (little fibers) or myofibrils extend from one end of a muscle fiber to the other in the cytoplasm.

MUSCLE FIBERS.

Muscle cells are also called?

NERVOUS TISSUE

Controls and coordinates many of the body's activities, including movement, sensation, and thought.

It's found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

HOMEOSTASIS

Is a term used to designate the maintenance within certain normal limits of the percentage concentration of the various components of blood, body cells, intercellular spaces, etc.

THE CELL BODY

CELL PROCESS

SOMATIC CELLS

GENETIC CELLS or REPRODUCTIVE CELLS

The cell functions consists of?

EPITHELIAL

NERVOUS

MUSCLE

CONNECTIVE

Tissue types?

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic Reticula

Golgi Bodies

Lysosomes

Centrosomes

Intracellular Bodies

Parts of Cytoplasm

LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE

FATTY (ADIPOSE) TISSUE

FIBROUS TISSUE

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

RETICULAR TISSUE

CARTILAGE or GRISTLE

⦁ FIBROCARTILAGE

⦁ ELASTIC CARTILAGE

BONE or OSSEOUS TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUES types?

SUBCOSTAL PLANE

Transverse plane made by

cutting across the upper abdomen at right angles to the long axis of the body, and opposite the 10th costal cartilages, the lowest limit of the thoracic cage.

TRANSPYLORIC PLANE

Transverse plane made by cutting across the body from one side to the other at the level of the 9th costal car.lages or half way between the upper end of the sternum and the symphysis.

VENTRAL CAVITY

DORSAL CAVITY

THE BODY CAVITIES

THORACIC CAVITY

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

VENTRAL CAVITY types

CRANAL CAVITY

SPINAL CANAL

DORSAL CAVITY types?