nutrition

common feedstuffs

• grass: ryegrass, timothy

• legumes: clova, alfalfa, peas and beans

• cereals: barley, wheat, oats

• maize

• roots/tubers: sugar beet, fodder beet, potatoes

• brassicas: kale, cabbages, rape

grass and forage crops including dry matter percentage

• some used as fresh grass

• some conserved:

• -hay DM 90

• -silage DM 30

• -Haylage 50

types of straw

• wheat

• barley

• oat

• legume

• poor source of nutrients

what must straw be supplemented with

• cereal grain and by products

• barley, wheat, oat

• triticale

• maize

• srghym

• rye

• millet

• rice

types of by product

• brewing industry: brewers grains, spent hops

• distilling industry: malt culms, distillers grains

• dried brewers yeast, bran etc

roots, tubers and related by product

• swede and turnips

• sugar beet

• fodder beet

• potatoes

• molasses

uk oilseeds

• rapeseed oil

• linseed oil

sources of protein

• animal- fish meal

• milk- whole milk, skim milk/whey

• seeds- soya

• non protein sources of nitrogen- urea

protein concentrated

• what is the crude protein percent

• examples

• issues

• CP (crude protein)25-50 percent

• fish, meat, bone, blood meal

• milk protein (milk/whey)

• single cell protein- yeasts

• soya, rape seed, palm, linseed, cottonseed, groundnut, sunflower seed, sesame seed oil seed cakes and meals

• urea and poultry litter- non protein

• issues with health and legalities

why is nutriiton important

• growth

• reproduction

• lactation

• health

• fleece/fur

• imbalances can cause poor performance, deficiencies, toxicities, poor economic

dry matter percentages

• straw

• hay

• milk

• grass

what can analysis results show?

• water (100-DM)

• crude protein

• ether extracts (fat, oils, fat soluble vitamins)

• crude fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin)

• inorganic ash (minerals)

how to calculate nitrogen free extract

and what does it contain

• this contains the soluble carbohydrates (sugar, starch and some cellulose)

• NFE= 100-(water+ash+cp+cf+ee)

carbohydrate

• formula

• what do some carbohydrates contain?

(CH2O)n

n is three or more

some may have diff formulae

some contain phosphorus or sulfur

lignin

• non polysaccharide CHO , aromatic alcohols

• 3d structure

• woody part of plant

• accumulate as plants mature eg straw. increase from vegetative to boot, head, bloom, seed but digestivility also decreases

• resist breakdown by any enzymes or microorgaisms

calculating dm digestibility

example of energy losses

• faecal

• urine

• methane

• heat inceament

examples of partially useful energy

• gross energy

• digestible

• metabolisable

• total heat prod

useful energy examples

• net which is used for maintenance and production

how to measure ME

essential and non essential protein

•Essential AA

  Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Methionine*, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Lysine, and         Histidine

  Arginine is also essential for cats and growing dogs.

  Taurine is also essential for cats.

  *Cysteine can replace Methionine to a limited extent

•Non-essential AA

  Alanine, Arginine*, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine,  

  Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine*, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine

what are limiting amino acids and what are they in most cases

• essential in non ruminant

• diets

• this is the essential amino acid that is used up first during protein synthesis

• in most cases is methionine or lysine

what are high quality proteins

• complete or proteins of high biological proteins

• contain all essential amino acids

• usually measured in rats or young chickens, apply to monogastrics but not ruminant

how to calculate biological value

common feedstuffs standard figures

• straw

• dairy concentrate

• grass

• hay

measuring ME using direct management

• food - dry matter intake

• methane- usually estimated

• urine and faeces- dry matter output

measuring ME- bomb calorimeter

• food- GE of food

• methane- usually estimated

• urine- GE of urine

• faeces- GE of faeces