mediastinum + lungs

What is the pleura?

serous membrane that surrounds the lung and lines the pulmonary cavity

What are the two layers of pleura?

visceral and parietal

What is the pleural cavity?

potential space between parietal and visceral pluerae

contains a small amount of serous fluid

is the lung located inside pleural cavity?

no, theres small amount of serous fluid

What is the root of the lung?

structures entering and exiting the lung

What is the hilum of the lung?

the region of space of the thorax surrounding the root of the lung

Where are the visceral and parietal pleura continuous?

around the root of the lung

What are the four regional subdivisions of the parietal pleura?

cervical,costal, diaphragmatic,mediastinal

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves

What innervates the visceral pleura?

visceral afferents

What is pleuritis?

inflammation of pleura

Why does pleuritis cause pain during inspiration?

Pleuritis causes pain during inspiration because inflamed pleural layers rub against each other as the lungs expand, stimulating pain fibers in the parietal pleura.

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses,oral cavity, pharynyx, larnyx

What is the function of the conducting portion?

The conducting portion conducts (moves) air to and from the respiratory portion of the lungs.

Which structures belong to the conducting portion?

bronchi and terminal bronchiole

What is the function of the respiratory portion?

GAS EXCHANGE

Which structures belong to the respiratory portion?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs

Where does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

What structure bifurcates to form the primary bronchi?

trachea

How many secondary bronchi are present in the right lung?

3

How many secondary bronchi are present in the left lung?

2

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung?

10

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung?

8-10

What fissure is present in the left lung?

oblique

what is the cardiac notch?

The cardiac notch is an indentation on the anterior border of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

what is the lingula?

The lingula is a tongue-like projection of the left upper lobe that extends inferiorly next to the cardiac notch.

what is the hilium?

the doorway

What structures make up the root of the lung?

bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

Where are the pulmonary arteries located in the root?

superior/anterior

Where are the pulmonary veins located in the root?

anterior/inferior

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange.

What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium.

What is the function of the bronchial arteries?

Bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs and bronchial tree.

Where do the bronchial veins drain?

azygous vein

What lymph nodes drain the lung parenchyma?

Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes drain the lung parenchyma first.

Where do the bronchial arteries arise?

arise from thoracic aorta and posterior intercostal arteries

What structures make up the brainstem?

midbrain,medulla, pons

Where are the major respiratory centers located?

medulla

What is the function of the medullary respiratory centers?

recieves sensory input and send neurons to regulate phrenic nerve and intercostal muscle

Which part of the brainstem fine-tunes breathing?

pons

What is the role of the pontine respiratory center?

The pontine respiratory center helps fine-tune and regulate breathing by modifying the activity of the medullary respiratory centers

What are the lateral boundaries of the mediastinum?

pulmonary cavities

What is the anterior boundary of the mediastinum?

sternum

What is the posterior boundary of the mediastinum?

vertebral column

What is the superior boundary of the mediastinum?

superior thoracic apeture

What is the inferior boundary of the mediastinum?

diaphragm

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?

thymus gland, svc and brachiocephalic veins, trachea, vagus nerve, esophagus,thoracic duct,azygos veins

What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?

descending aorta

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

SVC

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

remanat of ductus arteriosus

relationship w/ left recurrent laryngeal n

How is the superior vena cava formed?

left and right brachiocephalic veins

What veins form the brachiocephalic veins?

subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

• What is a venous angle?

junction where the internal jugular vein meets the subclavian vein

Which lymphatic ducts empty into the venous angles?

Right lymphatic duct → empties into the right venous angle.

Thoracic duct → empties into the left venous angle.

What is the azygos vein?

receives blood from the back posterior thoracic wall, bronchial veins and mediastinal viscera

What is the relationship between the esophagus and trachea?

anterior to trachea

What is the relationship between the esophagus and the heart?

posterior to the heart

Which chamber of the heart lies anterior to the esophagus?

LA

Which mediastinal subdivision is the smallest?

anterior mediastinum

What is the thoracic duct?

a vessel of the lymphatic system that carries lymph

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

in abdomen at cisterna chyli

Through what opening does the thoracic duct enter the thorax?

thorax via aortic hiatus

Into which venous structure does the thoracic duct empty?

left venous angle