Human Body, Nervous System, and Male Reproductive System Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering the nervous system and the male reproductive system as detailed in biology lecture notes.

The primary role of the __________ is to enable communication and coordination in the body.

nervous tissue

The __________ includes the brain and the spinal cord.

Central Nervous System

The __________ includes nerves throughout the body.

Peripheral Nervous System

The study of the structure of a body part is known as __________.

anatomy

Understanding the function of a body part is known as __________.

physiology

The __________ is the basic unit of life.

cell

The human body is highly __________.

organized

A key principle in biology is the correlation of __________ and function.

form

The four main types of human tissues are nervous, muscular, __________, and connective.

epithelial

__________ tissue covers the body and lines cavities and glands.

Epithelial

Epithelial tissue is responsible for protection, regulating, and sensing __________.

stimuli

The primary function of __________ tissue is the movement of the body and organs.

muscular

The heart and stomach are moved by __________ tissue.

muscular

Muscular tissue helps in generating __________ and providing support.

heat

The role of __________ tissue is support, structure, and connection of body parts.

connective

Blood and __________ are examples of connective tissues.

adipose

The tendency of our body to maintain relative constant internal conditions is called __________.

homeostasis

Normal glucose levels should be between __________ and __________.

$70$, $100\,mg/dl$

The hormone __________ is important for lowering blood glucose levels.

insulin

The hormone __________ is important for raising blood glucose levels.

glucagon

Our body temperature is typically maintained around __________ under varying external conditions.

$$37^\circ C$$

The __________ system, which includes skin, hair, and nails, helps regulate body temperature.

integumentary

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the CNS and the __________.

PNS

The __________ division of the PNS is sensory.

afferent

The __________ division of the PNS is motor.

efferent

The __________ nervous system is a division of the motor system that controls voluntary movements.

somatic

The __________ nervous system is a division of the motor system that controls involuntary functions.

autonomic

The CNS serves as the __________ center.

integration

The brain includes lobes, the brain stem, and the __________ for balance.

cerebellum

The frontal, parietal, occipital, and __________ are the four lobes of the brain.

temporal

The __________ is responsible for body regulation in the brain.

brain stem

The spinal cord is made of __________ matter, which contains neuron cell bodies.

grey

The spinal cord is made of __________ matter, which contains myelinated axons.

white

The grey matter of the spinal cord is used for __________ information.

processing

The white matter of the spinal cord is used for __________ signals.

transmitting

The spinal cord has two types of roots: anterior and __________.

posterior

The PNS is described as the body's __________ system.

wiring

Nerves that run from the spinal cord to the rest of the body are called __________ nerves.

spinal

Nerves that run from the brain to sensory organs and the body are called __________ nerves.

cranial

The two types of cells in the nervous system are neurons and __________ cells.

glial

__________ are neurons with only one process extending from the cell body.

Unipolar neurons

A __________ neuron has one axon and one dendrite.

bipolar

__________ neurons are primarily used to transmit sensory information, coordinate movement, and for memorization.

Neurons

__________ cells provide immunity within the nervous system.

Microglial

The glial cells responsible for filtration are called __________.

astrocytes

In the CNS, __________ are the myelin producers.

oligodendrocytes

In the PNS, __________ cells are the myelin producers.

Schwan

__________ cells are responsible for producing Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).

Ependymal

There are usually __________ to __________ times more glial cells than neurons.

$3$, $10$

The __________ is the trigger zone of a neuron.

axon hillock

Dendrites and axons extend from the __________, which contains the nucleus.

cell body

A __________ is the junction between neurons.

synapse

Neurons use __________ signals for long-distance communication.

electrical

Neurons use __________ signals for short-distance communication.

chemical

__________ neurons carry information from the senses to the CNS.

Sensory

__________ act as relays between sensory and motor neurons.

Interneurons

The __________ corpuscles are mechanoreceptors in the skin.

Meissner's

__________ receptors in the skin detect temperature changes.

Thermoreceptors

The transmission of an electrical signal along a neuron is called an __________ potential.

action

During an action potential, the ions involved are $\mathbf{Na+}$, $\mathbf{K+}$, and __________.

$$\mathbf{Cl-}$$

The resting potential of a neuron is __________ .

$$-70\,mv$$

An action potential is considered __________ or __________, meaning it either happens fully or not at all.

on, off

Action potentials travel in a __________ direction.

unidirectional

__________ is a disorder characterized by a distorted perception of reality, affecting $1\%$ of the population.

Schizophrenia

__________ and __________ are types of depressive disorders mentioned in the text.

Depressive disorder, bipolar disorder

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of __________ proteins.

beta-amyloid

Inside neurons, __________ protein tangles form in Alzheimer's patients.

Tau

__________ disease involves muscle tremors and a loss of dopamine production.

Parkinson's

Parkinson's disease primarily affects the __________, a region in the midbrain.

substantia nigra

CTE stands for __________ Traumatic Encephalopathy.

Chronic

In Alzheimer's disease, the main neurotransmitter that decreases is __________.

acetylcholine

The main hormone that drives physical changes and sexual maturity in males is __________.

testosterone

The external structures of the male reproductive system include the penis and __________.

testicles

The penis is composed of three parts: the root, the body, and the __________.

glans

The __________ is the foreskin of the penis.

prepuce

The spongy tissue columns in the penis are the __________ and the corpus spongiosum.

corpora cavernosa

Erection occurs when parasympathetic neurons release __________, causing arteries to dilate.

nitric oxide

Sperm production occurs within the __________ tubules.

seminiferous

The seminiferous tubules are approximately __________ long.

$$70\,cm$$

The __________ is a sac of skin and muscle that regulates the temperature of the testes.

scrotum

Sperm maturation and storage occur in the __________ .

epididymis

The epididymis is a coiled tube approximately __________ long.

$$6\,meters$$

Sperm cells can stay in the epididymis for up to __________ to __________ weeks.

$4$, $6$

The __________ provide about $60-70\%$ of the fluid in semen.

seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicles secrete __________ to provide energy for sperm motility.

fructose

__________ in seminal fluid stimulate muscular contractions in the female tract to aid sperm motility.

Prostaglandins

The __________ is a chestnut-shaped gland that secretes a milky fluid.

prostate

The prostate secretes __________ as a food source for sperm.

citrate

The prostate gland also secretes enzymes to __________ sperm after ejaculation.

fluidify

Semen is defined as the combination of __________ and fluids from glands.

sperm cells

The regulatory axis for the male reproductive system is the __________ (HPG) axis.

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal

The hypothalamus releases __________ to stimulate the pituitary gland.

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

The pituitary gland secretes __________ and LH to act on the testes.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

__________ is the process of producing spermatids from spermatogonia.

Spermatogenesis

__________ is the final stage of sperm cell development, transforming spermatids into mature sperm.

Spermiogenesis

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection is called __________ .

erectile dysfunction (ED)

Prostate enlargement is medically known as __________ .

hyperplasia

Prostate inflammation is medically known as __________ .

prostatitis

Low sperm count or poor mobility are signs of male __________ .

infertility

The __________ part of the neuron receives signals from other cells.

dendrite