Exam 1: Development and Growth

A. occurs when the sperm and egg combine in the distal fallopian tube.

Rationale:

A. the definition of fertilization

B. definition of conception

C. description of the embryonic stage of development

D. description of the fetal stage of development

Fertilization ________.

A. occurs when the sperm and egg combine in the distal fallopian tube.

B. encompasses both sperm and egg combination as well as implantation of the egg in the uterine wall

C. involves the development of major organs and structures

D. includes visible differentiation of sex organs

C. 24

Fertilization takes about ________ hours to complete.

A. 72

B. 36

C. 24

D. 12

(1) Zygotic: conception — 2 weeks

(2) Blastocyst: zygote divides into ball of cells and attached to uterine wall

(3) Embryonic: weeks 2 — 8; major organs + structures develop

(4) Fetal: week 8 — birth; differentiation occurs and structures specialize

What are the stages of fetal development?

conception; week 12

Sex is determined at ________, but it is not differentiated visibly until approximately ________.

Ductus arteriosus = lungs

Foramen ovale = right ventricle

Ductus venous = liver

Pair the following shunts with the structure it bypasses:

Ductus arteriosus ———— right ventricle

Foramen ovale ———— liver

Ductus venous ———— lungs

Autosomal Dominant

Autosomal Recessive

X-Linked Recessive

X-Linked Dominant

What are the 4 major patterns of inheritance?

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

• only one abnormal gene needed

• affected parent = 50% chance child inherits disorder

• usually seen in every generation

• marfan syndrome, Huntington disease, polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

• two abnormal genes needed

• often skips generations

• if both parents affected = 25% affected; 50% carrier; 25% unaffected

• cystic fibrosis, PKU, Tay-Sachs, sickle cell disease

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance

• Usually affects males

• females need two abnormal X chromosomes

• no male-male transmission

• affected father = all daughters carriers

• hemophilia, color blindness, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

X-Linked Dominant Inheritance

• Affected father = all affected daughters

• affected mother = 50% chance each child is affected

• females often have milder disease

• hypophosphatemia, ricketts, fragile X syndrome

D. 12-18 months

The anterior fontanelle closes in ________.

A. 6-8 months

B. 1-2 months

C. 16-20 months

D. 12-18 months

B. 4-6 months

The posterior fontanelle closes in _______

A. 2-3 months

B. 4-6 months

C. 12-18 months

D. 6-8 months

doubles; triples

By 6 months birth weight ________, and by 12 months birth weight ________.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson stage for infants (birth — 12 months)?

crying / needs

According to Erikson, infants develop trust when caregiver constantly respond to ________.

Sensorimotor

Piaget stage for infants?

C. Object permanence

Rationale: object permanence is a major skill that begins to develop during infancy.

An 8-month-old searches for a toy hidden under a blanket. This demonstrates:

A. Animism

B. Egocentrism

C. Object permanence

D. Symbolic thought

Rolling over front-to-back

What milestone occurs around 4 months and signals parents to stop swaddling?

6 months

Stranger anxiety begins around what age?

10 — 12 months

Separation anxiety begins around what age?

B. Pincer grasp

Rationale: pincer grasp develops around 8-9 months in which baby uses thumb and index finger to pick up small objects

Which milestone would the nurse expect in a 9-month-old?

A. Writing first name

B. Pincer grasp

C. Riding a tricycle

D. Using 5-word sentences

supine (on back)

To reduce the risk of SIDS, infants should sleep in what position?

rear-facing car seat in the back seat

What is the safest car seat position for an infant?

C. "I place my baby on their back to sleep."

Which parent statement indicates understanding of SIDS prevention?

A. "My baby sleeps with me."

B. "I place stuffed animals in the crib."

C. "I place my baby on their back to sleep."

D. "I use heavy blankets."

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson stage for toddlers?

Preoperational

Piaget stage for toddlers?

negativism (love to say “NO” to everything)

What behavior is commonly associated with toddlers?

egocentric

Toddlers are ______ thinkers, meaning they have difficulty seeing another person's perspective.

bowel control

Which develops first during potty training: bowel or bladder control?

B. Egocentric thinking

Which of the following is most characteristic of a toddler?

A. Abstract thinking

B. Egocentric thinking

C. Cooperative play

D. Formal operations

• drowning

• choking

• poisoning

• burns

List four major toddler safety concerns?

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson stage for preschoolers (3 — 5 years)?

Preoperational

Piaget stage for preschoolers?

magical

Preschoolers are ________ thinkers, which may make it difficult to distinguish reality from fantasy.

belief that objects are alive and have feelings

What is animism?

C. Animism

A preschooler believes the moon follows them home. This is an example of:

A. Object permanence

B. Formal operations

C. Animism

D. Industry

4 —5 years

At what age does cooperative play typically develop?

normal

Imaginary friends are considered ______ in preschoolers.

• use simple explanations

• medical play

• be honest

• keep parent present

• provide choices

What arer some key nursing interventions for a hospitalized preschooler?

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson stage of development for school-aged child (6 — 12 years)?

Concrete Operational

Piaget stage for school-aged children?

competence

School-age children seek a sense of ______ and accomplishment.

C. Competitive play

Which behavior is expected in a school-age child?

A. Magical thinking

B. Stranger anxiety

C. Competitive play

D. Separation anxiety

8 years old AND 4'9"

When can children stop using a booster seat?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson stage for adolescents (13 — 18 years)?

Formal operational

Piaget stage for adolescents?

Abstract Thinking

What type of thinking develops during adolescence?

B. Formal operations

An adolescent discusses future career goals and possible life outcomes. This demonstrates:

A. Concrete operations

B. Formal operations

C. Sensorimotor thinking

D. Magical thinking

• Peer influence

• Body image

• Independence

What are three major adolescent concerns?

motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)

The leading cause of death in adolescents is ______.

• Safe driving

• Depression / self-harm

• Substance abuse

• Sexual health

• Sleep

List some important adolescent safety tips.

breast development

What is the first sign of puberty in females?

8 — 13 years

What age does female puberty usually begin?

enlargement of testes

What is the first sign of puberty in males?

9 — 14 years

What age does male puberty usually begin?