master summary (weak topics)

number of cervical vertebre

7

number of thoracic vertebre

12

number of lumbar vertebre

5

number of saccral vertebre

5 (fused)

number of coccyx vertebre

4 (fused)

what is P on an EKG

atrial depolarization

what is QRS on an EKG

ventrical depolarization

what is T on an EKG

ventricular repolarization

what action is not shown in an EKG

atrial repolarization

steps of muscle contraction

1) ATP splits (by myosin ATPas) and causes myosin head to be “energized”

2) Phosphate from ATP splits to change myosin shape & shift

3) powerstroke

4) ATP is used to released myosin head

5) repeat

What is the H-zone

myosin only

What is the I-band

actin only

what is the a-band

actin and myosin

what is the z-line

the end of the sarcomere

what is the m-line

the middle of the sarcomere

what moves in the sarcomere during contraction & stretch of a muscle

I-band and H-zone

what is the order of a 1st class lever & example

Load, fulcrum, effort (see-saw)

what is the order of a 2nd class lever & example

fulcrum, load, effort (wheel-barrow)

what is the order of a 3rd class lever & example

fulcrum, effort, load (shovel)

1lb = ____ (N)

4.448

kg (mass) = _______N

local acceleration of gravity

kg (force) = ___ N

9.8

1in = _____(m)

0.0254

1 degree = ______ radians

0.017

formula for work

w=Fxd

formula for force

F=ma

formula for acceleration

a = change in velocity / time

formula for power

P = W/t

classic formula

load/BW^2/3

formula for friction resistance

F_R = k * F_N

formula for fluid resistance

F_{R =} k * v

formula for elasticity resistance

F_R = k * x (distance stretched)

fiber arrangement of glute medius

radius

fiber arrangement of rectus abnomnis

longitudinal

fiber arrangement of bicep

fusiform

fiber arrangement of deltoid

multipennate

fiber arrangement of rectus femoris

bipennate

fiber arrangement of tibialis posterior (or extensor digitorum)

unipennate

catabolism

molecule splits to release energy (exergonic)

anabolism

molecules used ATP to join together and store energy (endogonic)

hydrolysis

splitting of ATP by ATPase to release energy

what helps facilitate the equation: ADP + CP —→ ATP + Creatine

creatine kinase

how much ATP can the body store at a time

80-100 ATP (4-6x higher than CP)

what helps facilitate the equation: 2ADP —→ ATP + AMP

adenylate kinase (aka myokinase)

How much ATP afte the glycolysis of one MUSCLE GLYCOGEN

3

How much ATP afte the glycolysis of one BLOOD GLUCOSE

2

where does pyruvate go if the intensity remains high (anaerobic)

sarcolemma

where does pyruvate go if the intensity remains steady (aerobic)

mitochondria

What facilitates pyruvate ——→ lactate once in the sarcolemma

dehydrogenase

what does pyruvate turn into once entering the mitochondria

acetyl-CoA (then into the Kreb’s Cycle)

what are leftover from anaerobic glycolysis?

pyruvate (acytyl-CoA) & NADH (e-transport chain)

Final ATP for muscle glycogen and blood glucose after glycolysis

39, 38

steps in the cori cycle

muscle —> blood lactate —> liver —→ blood GLUCOSE

substrate-level phosphorylation

resynthesis of ATP from direct ADP reaction

oxidative phosphorylation

resynthesis of ATP from the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

what facilitates the reaction of glucose ——> pyruvate

hexokinase

what is the rate limitor of anaerobic glycolysis

PFK

what is the rate limitor of the oxidative system

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

what facilitates the phosphylation of ADP + Pi ——> ATP

pyruvate kianse

what turns triglycerides into FFA for beta oxidation

hormone sensitive lipase

amino acids turn into glucose via what

gluconeogenesis

how long does CP take to fully replenish

8min

how long does ATP take to fully replenish

3-5min

rest period for 90-100% bout at 5-10s (phosphogan system)

1:12-20

rest period for 75-90% bout at 15-30s (fast glycolysis)

1:3-5

rest period for 30-75% bout at 1-3min (slow glycolysis)

1:3-4

rest period for 20-30% bout at >3min (oxidative system)

1:1-3