TECHNO FINALS

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Intellectual Property

-          It describes “the ideas, inventions, technologies, artworks, music and literature, that are intangible when first created, but become valuable in tangible form as products”

Patent

-          It is an exclusive right that allows the inventor to exclude others from making, using, or selling the product of his invention. 20 years of exclusivity

Utility Model

-          Provides protection of so-called “minor inventions” through a system similar to the patent system. Also known as a “Petty Patent.” 7 years of exclusivity

Copyright

-          A legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. The term of protection for copyright in literary and artistic works, and in derivative works in generally the lifetime of the author plus fifty (50) years

Trademark

-          It is a word, a group of words, sign, symbol, logo or a combination thereof that identifies and differentiates the source of the goods or services

Industrial Design

-          Constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article.

Design

-          May consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color

Geographical Indication

-          Are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin

Prior Art

-          Is any evidence that your invention was already publicly known or available, in whole or in part before the effective filing date of your patent application

Prior Art Search

-          Is conducted to see if there are any relevant prior art exists. Is performed before you develop your invention. It is conducted to understand all the existing prior art in your field of interest

Patentability Search

-          Helps you determine whether your invention can be patented or not. This search is more comprehensive than the prior art search that will be conducted once you have developed your invention

Novelty

-          An invention should not form any part of the prior art

Inventive Step

-          If the invention is not obvious to a skilled person in the art having regard to the state of the art

Person skilled in the art

-          Should be presumed to be a skilled practitioner in the relevant field of technology, who possesses average knowledge and ability and is aware of common general knowledge in the art of the time of filing

Industrial Applicability

-          An invention is useful if it provides some identifiable benefit and is capable of use

Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL)

-          It is a government agency in the Philippines that is attached to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). Is responsible for administering and implementing state policies on intellectual property (IP) to protect the rights of creators and inventors

Espacenet

-          Is accessible to beginners and experts and is updated daily. It contains data on more than 140 million patent documents from around the world. Supporting information can help you understand whether a patent has been granted and if it is still in force

PATENTSCOPE search system

-          Is the free of charge patent search system provided by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) that allows you to access millions of patent documents

Google Patents

-          Is Google’s own patent search tool. It draws on patents from more than 100 of the biggest patent offices from around the world, enabling you to search across more than 120 million documents. As such it rivals the EPO’s Espacenet for coverage

International Patent Classification (IPC)

-          Established by the Strasbourg Agreement 1971, provides for a hierarchical system of language independent symbols for the classification of patents and utility models according to the different areas of technology to which they pertain. A new version enters into force each year on January 1

AND

-          Provides results that contain both or all keywords

OR

-          Provides results that contain either keyword

NOT or AND NOT

-          Provides results that contain the first keyword but not the second

Quotation Marks “”

-          Provides results with the exact phrase

Parenthesis ()

-          Allows you to group together keywords and control the order in which the terms will be searched

Asterisk *

-          Provides results contain a variation of the keyword

Execution Plan

-          Is the how-to for your venture. It should also be a tool that you use with your team on a regular basis

Milestone

-          Are the goals critical to the success of any new venture. Can vary significantly in time and scope from business to business and will be generally broken down into additional steps for your internal team. This information will be used to develop your financial plan for the business and to determine the type of investor you should approach about funding the next investment round

Tasks

-          A list of these helps you appreciate everything that your organization needs to accomplish, and is a means to ensuring that nothing slips through the cracks in the early days. For each of this, you will also need to make sure that the resources required to complete this are included in your financial plan. This list is generally an internal tool, although some of the tasks may appear on an investor’s due diligence list. Some of these may also form part of the conditions under which an investor is willing to proceed with an investment

Business Plan

-          It is an executive summary that provides the details of your venture to communicate effectively with various stakeholders – including potential investors, partners, customers and employees

Pitch Deck

-          Build this first with the key sections and then use it as an outline and foundation for your business plan. The process of putting the plan on paper will help to make the venture more tangible and concrete. The process is more important than the paper document itself

The Investor

-          It is one of a reason why write a business plan wherein being ready with a business plan shows the maturity of your ideas and thought process and how far you’ve come in developing your business

The Founding Team

-          It is one of a reason why write a business plan wherein writing a business plan enables your founding team to work together and forces the group to address issues that may have been overlooked

As a Road Map

-          It is one of a reason why write a business plan wherein as stated in Guy Kawasaki’s Reality Check, writing a business plan will force the management team to solidify the

Storyboard

-          Is a linear sequence of illustrations used in animation to develop a broader story. Its process is now used also in business to understand and map customers’ experience and enable the growth of the company using that process. It involves creating a sequence of illustrations or images to represent key scenes, actions, or interactions in a narrative. Serve as a visual blueprint that helps communicate ideas, plan, and guide the development process

Storyboarding

-          Is a visual storytelling technique used in various fields, including film and video production, animation, user experience (UX) design, software development, and more

Visual Representation

-          It uses images or drawings to convey information and capture the essence of a scene or interaction

Sequence

-          Storyboards present events or actions in a chronological order to create a coherent narrative

Clarity

-          They aim to communicate ideas and concepts clearly and concisely

Feedback

-          Storyboards can be used to gather this and make revisions before actual production or development begins

Collaboration

-          They facilitate this among team members by providing a common visual reference

Define the Purpose

-          A storyboard process that clearly define the purpose and objectives of the storyboard

Identify Key Scenes

-          A storyboard process that determine the key scenes, actions, or interactions that need to be visualized

Create Sketches or Illustrations

-          A storyboard process that create simple sketches, drawings, or images for each scene

Sequence

-          A storyboard process that arrange the images in chronological order to create a storyline

Add Annotation

-          A storyboard process that include text or annotations to describe actions, dialogues, or other important details

Review and Revise

-          A storyboard process that gather feedback and make necessary revisions to improve clarity and effectiveness

Venture Capital

-          A type of private equity investing that involves investment in a disruptive business with high growth potential. In return, the investor will receive an equity stake in the business in the form of shares. Due to the capital-intensive nature of starting a company, many venture-backed companies will operate at a loss for many years before becoming profitable. Institutional and individual investors usually invest in private equity through limited partnership agreements, which allow investors to invest in a variety of venture capital projects while preserving limited liability (of the initial investment)

Venture Capital funds

-          Are run similarly to private equity funds, where the portfolio of companies they invest in generally falls withing a specific sector specialization

General Partners

-          Venture capital firm (and its principals). Who may also receive an annual management fee of up to 2% of the total capital invested

Limited Partners

-          Investors. Are passive investors which includes insurance companies, pension funds, university endowment funds, and wealthy individuals. The other 80% of any profits are divided equally (pro-rata) among them who invested in the fund

Portfolio companies

-          Companies of the partners that have an ownership stake in the venture firm, but the general partners may serve as managers, advisors, or board representatives

Pre-seed or Accelerator-Stage Capital

-          Is capital provided to an entrepreneur to help them develop an idea

Business incubators (accelerators)

-          Many entrepreneurs interested in raising venture capital funding will enter this which provide various services and resources for entrepreneurs to connect them with venture firms and networks that will help them develop their business idea and product

Seed-stage capital

- Is the capital provided to help an entrepreneur (or prospective entrepreneur) develop their idea into an early-stage product. Usually funds the research and development (R&D) of new products and services and research into prospective markets

Early-stage capital

-          Is venture capital provided to set up initial operation and basic production. Supports product development, marketing, commercial manufacturing, and sales. This kind of financing will usually come in the form of a Series A or Series B round

Later-stage Capital

-          Is the venture capital provided after the business generates revenues but before an initial public offering (IPO). It includes capital needed for initial expansion (second-stage capital), capital needed for major expansions, product improvement, major marketing campaigns, mergers & acquisitions (third-stage capital), and capital needed to go public (mezzanine or bridge capital)

Second-stage capital

-          Capital needed for initial expansion

Third-stage capital

-          Capital needed for major expansions, product improvement, major marketing campaigns, mergers & acquisitions

Mezzanine or bridge capital

-          Capital needed to go public

Illiquid

-          A characteristic of venture capital wherein venture capital investments are usually long-term investments and are fairly this compared to market-traded instruments (like stocks or bonds). Unlike publicly traded securities, VC investments don’t offer the option of a short-term payout. Long-term returns from venture capital investments depend largely on the success of the firm’s portfolio companies, which generate returns either by being acquired or through an IPO.

Long-term Investment Horizon

-          A characteristic of venture capital wherein venture capital investments feature a structural time lag between the initial investment and the final payout and usually have a time horizon of 10 years. The structural time lag increases the liquidity risk. Therefore, VC investments tend to offer very high (prospective) returns to compensate for this higher-than-normal liquidity risk

Market Valuation

-          A characteristic of venture capital wherein there is a large discrepancy between private and public valuation (or market valuation). Unlike standard investment instruments that are traded on some organized exchange, VC investments are held by private funds. Thus, there is no way for any individual investor in the market to determine the value of the investment. The venture fund may also not completely understand how the market values its investment(s). This causes IPOs to be the subject of widespread speculation from both the buy-side and the sell-side.

Entrepreneurs Lack of Information

-          A characteristic of venture capital wherein the majority of venture capital investing is into innovative projects whose aim is to disrupt the market. Such projects offer potentially very high returns but also come with very high risks. As such, entrepreneurs and VC investors often work in the dark because no one else has done what they are trying to do

Mismatch Bet. Entrepreneurs & Investors

-          A characteristic of venture capital wherein an entrepreneur and an investor may have very different objectives regarding a project. The entrepreneur may be concerned with the process (i.e., the means), whereas the investor may only be concerned with the return (i.e., the end). This can make discussions and general collaboration between entrepreneurs and investors challenging as they may have conflicting objectives around how the company should be run

Exit

-          The process that allows venture capitalists to realize their return

Secondary Market Sales

-          A venture capital exit strategy wherein before the company goes public, the venture capitalists who invested in the earlier stage can sell their holdings to new investors during the later rounds. Since the shares have not been issued in the public exchanges, the trades take place in the private equity secondary market.

Acquisition

-          Another exit strategy is for another firm to acquire the investee company. The acquirer is usually a strategic buyer that is interested in the investee company’s growth and technology. Alternatively, a financial buyer could be an acquirer, although this is a little less common

Initial Public Offering (IPO)

-          A venture capital exit strategy wherein if the company is operating well and moving to the public exchange, the venture capitalists can take the IPO strategy by selling their portions of shares in the open marketplace after the IPO. There is usually a lock-up period after the initial offering that insiders (including venture capitalists) are not allowed to sell their shares. It is to prevent a decline in the stock price as a result of large numbers of shares flooding into the market. The length of the lock-up period is specified in the contract.

Private equity investors

-          usually buy mature companies that may be undervalued for various reasons. The investee companies are not limited to private ones, as private equity investors can also acquire control of public companies and take them private. Usually acquire 100% ownership of the target companies through leveraged buyouts (LBO), financing the cost of acquisition with a significant portion of borrowed money

Venture capitalists

-          target start-up companies that demonstrate significant growth potential with size. innovative technology but require capital financing. The companies are all private and relatively small in. Generally purchase no more than 50% of the investee company, mostly through equity investments. This allows the VC firm to diversify its investments into various companies to spread out the risks if a portfolio company fails.

Value Proposition

-          Is an innovation service, or feature intended to make a company or product/service attractive to customer

Solving customer’s problem

What value do we deliver for the customer?

Benefits it will offer

-          Why will your customer buy or use it?

Competitive advantage

-          How does your product differ from existing products offered by your competitors

Need

-          Are the rational things that the customer needs to get done

Wants

-          Are the emotional drivers of decision making. Are things that we want to be, do or have

Pain

-          Is anything that annoys your customers before, during, and after getting a job done

Proposition

-          Turn “IT” (product) statements into “YOU” (customer value) statements

Business Model

-          Is how a business generates value for customers

Revenue Model

-          Is how a business generates revenue

Financial Analysis

-          Is the systematic process in the corporate world of examining a company’s financial statements, budgets, and projects to assess its performance and viability

Profitability

-          This measures how well a company generates earnings and includes metrics such as return on investment (ROI) and net profit margin

Liquidity

-          This focuses on a company’s ability to cover short-term obligations, often evaluated through ratios such as the current ratio or quick ratio

Solvency

-          This gauges a company’s capacity to meet long-term debts, often analyzed through debt-to-equity ratios or interest coverage ratios

Vertical Analysis

-          Takes a snapshot of a company’s financials at a particular point in time. Here, each item on a financial statement – be it on the income statement, balance sheet, or cash flow statement – is compared to a base item. Helps identify correlations and compare companies of different sizes. By turning raw numbers into percentages, comparisons are more meaningful

Income Statement

-          Provides information about revenue and expenses of a firm

Balance sheet

-          Provides a point in time snapshot of the firm’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity

Horizontal Analysis

-          Focuses on comparing changes in financial data over a series of reporting periods rather than at a single point in time. Also called trend analysis, it examines how specific financial data points grow or shrink over time. Used by financial analysts to identify trends and make projections about future performance

Benchmarking

-          To compare a firm’s current performance against that of its own performance over a 3-5 year period (trend analysis), by looking at the growth rate in various key items such as sales, costs, and profits. To restate the income statement and the balance sheet into common size statements, by expressing each income statement item as a percent of sales and each balance sheet item as a percent of total assets

Positive trend

-          Horizontal analysis will flag this as this kind of trend if a company’s revenue for example is increased by 15% from Year 1 to Year 2 and then by 20% from Year 2 to Year 3

Investment Decisions

-          A practical application for financial analysis wherein investors rely on financial analysis to evaluate the health and potential profitability of companies; metrics such as P/E ratios, liquidity ratios, and debt-to-equity ratios help them choose investment opportunities for both short-term gains and long-term growth

Business Strategy

-          A practical application for financial analysis wherein company executives depend on financial analysis to make critical business decisions, such as entering new markets, launching products, or acquiring competitors; financial models can simulate different scenarios to predict outcomes and risks

Performance Assessment

-          A practical application for financial analysis wherein financial analysis enables businesses to evaluate their performance against their direct competitors and industry standards; this can help identify areas for improvement, whether it’s reducing operational inefficiencies or improving product offerings

Budget Planning

-          A practical application for financial analysis wherein companies use financial analysis to allocate resources more effectively; by using historical data to predict future expenses and revenues, they can create more accurate budgets and forecasts

Risk Management

-          A practical application for financial analysis wherein by analyzing variables that contribute to financial risk, such as market volatility or changes in interest rates, companies can adopt strategies such as diversification or hedging to mitigate these risks

Financial ratios

-          Are mathematical calculations that provide valuable insights into various aspects of a company’s performance and financial health

Profitability ratios

-          Measure a company’s ability to generate profit based on its revenue and expenses. These help investors decide if a company is worth investing in. They help business leaders make more informed strategy decisions

Net Profit Margin

-          Calculates the percentage of revenue that remains as net profit after all expenses are deducted. Net Income divided by Net Sales

Return on Assets (ROA)

-          Assesses how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate profits. Net Income divided by Total Assets