Unit 1-4 Geography and Human Society Review

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering geographic inquiry, physical geography, human geography, and Canada's industries based on the lecture transcript.

What is the purpose of lines of latitude?

To help measure how far North or South a place is from the equator.

What is the purpose of lines of longitude?

To help measure how far East or West a place is from the equator.

What defines the Plate Tectonics Theory?

The Earth’s outer shell is made of large plates that float on hot, molten rock, moved by heat and convection currents in the mantle.

Approximately how many plates make up Earth’s outer shell?

$$20$$

Who developed the theory of continental drift in 1915?

Albert Wegener

What is the name of the supercontinent that formed approximately $300\,million$ years ago?

Pangea

What characterized the Precambrian era?

The formation of the Earth, the first life forms (bacteria and algae), and the creation of the Canadian Shield.

Which mountains were formed during the Paleozoic era due to plates colliding?

The Appalachian Mountains

What significant geological event occurred at the end of the Mesozoic Era?

A mass extinction took place, wiping out more than half of the plant and animal species, including dinosaurs.

During which era did the Rocky and Coast Mountains continue to form and the world experience an Ice Age?

Cenozoic Era

In Orographic precipitation, what happens as warm air rises up the windward slope?

The air cools and condenses, leading to rainfall.

What is a rainshadow?

A dry climate area created on the leeward slope of a mountain because warm air holds more water vapour as it descends.

What causes convectional rain?

The sun warms the ground, which warms the air above it, causing it to rise rapidly, cool, and condense into rain or thunderstorms.

What is a 'front' in the context of precipitation?

A boundary between two air masses of different temperatures that do not mix.

What are the four main components of soil?

Minerals, Bacteria and Organic Matter (Humus), Air, and Moisture.

What is leaching in soil?

A process in wet climates where nutrients are washed away as water moves downward through the soil.

What is calcification in soil?

A process in dry climates where water in topsoil evaporates, drawing water up from below and leaving behind minerals and salt.

Where is an earthquake most likely to occur in Canada and why?

The West Coast, because it is close to the Ring of Fire where tectonic plates are constantly moving.

What scale is used to measure earthquake magnitude?

The Richter Scale

By what factor does power increase for every whole number on the logarithmic Richter Scale?

$$10$$

What was the magnitude of the largest ever recorded earthquake in Valdivia, Chile?

$$9.5$$

At what speed does a tsunami travel in deep water ($15,000\,feet$ deep)?

$$765\,km/h$$

What are the three main types of volcanoes?

Cinder cone, Stratovolcanoes, and Shield Volcanoes.

What percentage of the world's active and dormant volcanoes are located in the Ring of Fire?

$$75\%$$

What information does a climate graph provide?

Total monthly precipitation (blue bar graph) and average monthly temperatures (red line graph).

What characterizes an 'Increasing/expanding' population pyramid?

A broad base and narrow top, indicating rapid growth and a low proportion of older people.

What is a 'Birth dearth'?

A rapid and sustained decline in the number of children being born.

What is the formula for Doubling Time using the Rule of 70?

$$70 \div \text{Population Growth Rate}$$

How often is a census completed in Canada?

Every $5$ years.

What is the 'Natural Increase Rate'?

The rate at which a population grows from births alone (Birth Rate minus Death Rate).

What are the three distinct groups of Indigenous Peoples recognized by the Canadian government?

First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.

When did the last residential school in Canada close?

$$1997$$

What were the 'Williams Treaties' of 1923 known for?

Being considered the worst treaties in Ontario due to unfair interpretations that led to massive land loss and broken promises regarding hunting and fishing rights.

What is a 'Pull factor' in immigration?

A reason why someone wants to move to a country, such as job opportunities, freedom of speech, or free healthcare.

What is 'Land reclamation'?

A method of renewing an older city.

Which industry involve extracting raw materials from the ground or water?

Primary Industries

What characterizes Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

An aging population where birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a shrinking population.

What characterizes a Stage 2 population pyramid?

An extremely wide base with steep, concave sides due to high birth rates and sharply dropping death rates.