Advanced Anatomy Exam 3

what causes the heart sounds

Closure of heart valves

what happens to the blood pressure during massive blood loss

decreased volume=decreased pressure

Why is the left ventricular wall thicker

To generate higher pressure for systemic circulation

this part of the EKG represents Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

PR interval

this part of the EKG represents Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized

S-T segment

this part of the EKG represents Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

Q-T interval

part of EKG associated with depolarization of SA node

P wave

part of EKG associated with ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

QRS complex

part of EKG associated with ventricular repolarization

T wave

steps of blood flow through the heart

Superior and inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, Lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

in this condtion Fluid accumulating around the heart, slowly stops the heart from contracting

pericardial tamponade

define angina pectoris

Chest Pain

what supplies the myocardium with blood

Coronary arteries

What causes damage to cardiac muscle if it is deprived of its normal blood supply?

Hypoxia

How does norepinephrine act on the heart?

Increases the rate and force of contraction

importance of the absolute refractory period in heart contraction

allows the heart time to relax and refill with blood between beats

What would happen to the heart rate if the vagal nerve were cu

The heart rate increases by about 25 bpm

why tuberculosis usually occurs in the apex of the lungs

Tuberculosis thrives in high O2 areas

conduction system of the heart

SA, AV, bundle of HIS, Purkinje fibers

layers of the heart

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

histology of heart

Branching striated fibers with intercalated disks

how the vessels respond to vigorous exercise

Vasoconstriction, blood diverted to muscles, heart, brain

this type of shock is from large scale blood/fluid loss

Hypovolemic shock

this type of shock is from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

Vascular shock

this type of shock is due to the heart not being able to sustain adequate circulation

Cardiogenic shock

hypertension

Above 130/90 sustained

primary causes of hypertension

1.     genetics, obesity, smoking

the fetal shunts of the heart and what they become after birth

Foramen ovale to Fossa Ovalis and Ductus arteriosus to Ligamentum arteriosum

Type I pneumocyte

thin structural alveolar cell that forms the lining for gas exchange

Type II pneumocyte

alveolar cell that secretes surfactant and helps repair/replace alveolar cells

what structures keep the trachea open

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

mechanic of breathing gasses flow into lungs

mechanic of breathing gasses exit lungs

Expiration

function of surfactant

Detergent, prevents atelectasis(lung collapse)

where the signals for breathing originate

Medulla and pons

process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchange

Simple diffusion

when the fetal lungs are viabl

28 weeks of gestation

changes that occur when going through changes in altitude

work of breathing increases due to lower O2 content

Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema; Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs

COPD

Symptoms-fever, night sweats, weight loss, hacking cough, coughing up blood; caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis found at apex of lungs where o2 is highest

Tuberculosis

Most common lethal genetic disease in North America; Abnormal, viscous mucus clogs passageways

Cystic Fibrosis

homeostatic imbalances of the heart

Heart attack, pericarditis, heart failure

This force pushed fluid out of the blood vessels

Hydrostatic pressure

pulls fluid into the blood pressure

osmotic pressure

structures of the conducting zone

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

this structures of the conducting zone filters, warms, and moistens air

Nose

this structures of the conducting zone is a passageway carrying air from nose to larynx

Pharynx

this structures of the conducting zone keeps airway open and directs air into trachea

Larynx

this structures of the conducting zone conducts air to bronchi; cilia and mucus trap debris

Trachea

this structures of the conducting zone carries air into each lung

Bronchi

this structures of the conducting zone distributes and regulates airflow within lungs

Bronchioles

type of tissue and purpose of epiglottis

elastic cartilage, closes the glottis during swallowing

muscles of breathing

Diaphragm, External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Accessory inspiratory muscles, and Abdominal muscles

in this type of lung cancer (~40% of cases) originates in peripheral lung areas - bronchial glands, alveolar cells

Adenocarcinoma

type of lung cancer; (20–40% of cases) in bronchial epithelium

Squamous cell carcinoma

this type of lung cancer(~20% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

Small cell carcinoma

types of lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Small cell carcinoma

circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures

circle of willis

what serves blood to the circle of willis

internal carotid

the occlusion of the this causes locked-in syndrome

 

basilar artery

carbon is a waste product that is (acidic/basic)

acidic

A 24-year-old male PhD candidate was walking around across campus late one night when a mugger approached him with a knife. The student decided to fight rather than hand over his wallet. The mugger stabbed the student in the chest, penetrating the heart, and ran away with the knife. The student collapsed and was later found unresponsive by fellow students. During an autopsy, the only abnormality noted was large volume of blood found around the heart in the pericardial space.

What was listed as the cause of this young man’s death?
A. Pericardial effusion
B. Pleural effusion
C. Pericardial tamponade
D. Infection from the wound

Pericardial tamponade

A baby boy is born healthy at 38 weeks gestation. An Apgar score test is performed at one and five minutes. The Apgar test is one for the Appearance (skin color), Pulse, Grimace, Activity (predicted movements a newborn makes), and Respiratory effort. During the first test at one minute after delivery, his score was lower than normal because his toes were blue. During the next test at five minutes, the toes and distal end of the feet were blue

What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient?
A. The patient is ingesting too many blueberries
B. The patient is not getting enough oxygen to the tissues
C. The patient’s liver is not working properly
D. The patient has a clotting disorder

The patient is not getting enough oxygen to the tissues

I listened to the heart of the previous baby to detect a murmur and then ordered an echocardiogram. This test revealed that one of the vessels that protect the lungs during the fetal period did not close as it should have.

What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus?
A. Vasa Recta
B. Vasa Vasorum
C. Fetal shunts
D. Aponeurosis

Fetal shunts

A sixty-three-year-old female presented to the emergency department with chest pains, fatigue, swelling of her legs, an irregular heartbeat, and unexplained cough. She stated that she was diagnosed with a heart murmur years ago, but her doctor told her not to worry about it. We started a series of tests on her to rule out several conditions. What we found is that she had aortic stenosis, which is a narrowing of the aortic heart valve. This causes a murmur that her doctor should have been worried about years ago. We also noticed that she had a significantly enlarged heart and we diagnosed her with left sided heart failure.

What was the primary underlying cause of the heart failure in this patient?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Stroke
C. Heart attack
D. Advanced age

Aortic stenosis

What will be the result if the left sided heart failure goes untreated?
A. Pneumonia
B. Bronchitis
C. Pericarditis
D. Right sided heart failure

Right sided heart failure