IPS1 - (A3) - Quantum Numbers and Electron Configuration

Proverbs 16:3

1. Principal QN (𝒏)

2. Orbital QN (𝒍)

3. Magnetic QN (𝒎𝒍 )

4. Spin QN (𝒎𝒔 )

Each atomic orbital is described by a set of quantum numbers:

𝒏

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Symbol for Principal Quantum Number

Principal Quantum Number (𝒏)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Values: 𝒏 = 1, 2, 3, ... (positive integers)

Principal Quantum Number (𝒏)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This defines the ORBITAL SHELL or ENERGY LEVEL.

Principal Quantum Number (𝒏)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This indicates the DISTANCE of the electron from the nucleus.

Principal Quantum Number (𝒏)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

As 𝒏 increases, the electron's energy increases and it is farther from the nucleus.

𝒍

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Symbol for Angular momentum quantum number

● Azimuthal

● Orbital Angular

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Angular momentum quantum number is also known as ___

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Values: 𝒍 = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (𝒏 − 1)

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This defines the ORBITAL SUBSHELL (SUBLEVEL)

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This determines the SHAPE of the orbital.

spherical

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

Shape of 𝒍 = 0 → s

dumb-bell

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

Shape of 𝒍 = 1 → p

cloverleaf

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

Shape of 𝒍 = 2 → d

complex shapes

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Angular Momentum Quantum Number (𝒍)

Shape of 𝒍 = 3 → f

𝒎𝒍

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Symbol for Magnetic Quantum Number

Magnetic Quantum Number (𝒎ₗ)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This defines the SPECIFIC ORBITAL within a subshell.

Magnetic Quantum Number (𝒎ₗ)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This describes the ORIENTATION of the orbital.

1

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Magnetic Quantum Number (𝒎𝒍 )

Number of ORIENTATION of subshell s

3

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Magnetic Quantum Number (𝒎𝒍 )

Number of ORIENTATION of subshell p

5

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Magnetic Quantum Number (𝒎𝒍 )

Number of ORIENTATION of subshell d

7

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Magnetic Quantum Number (𝒎𝒍 )

Number of ORIENTATION of subshell f

Spin Quantum Number (𝒎ₛ)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This applies to each INDIVIDUAL electron only.

Spin Quantum Number (𝒎ₛ)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Values: 𝒎ₛ = +½ or −½

Spin Quantum Number (𝒎ₛ)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This represents the DIRECTION of electron spin (↑, clockwise or ↓, counterclockwise)

Spin Quantum Number (𝒎ₛ)

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

This is important for the Pauli Exclusion Principle

→ no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

1

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

What is the Principal Quantum Number (𝒏) in:

1s^2

s = 0

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

What is the Angular momentum quantum number (𝒍) in:

1s^2

n = 3

l = 1

ml = -1, 0, +1

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Write the possible combinations of quantum numbers (𝒏, 𝒍, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒍 )in a 3p subshell.

4d

[QUANTUM NUMBER]

Name the orbital with quantum numbers 𝒏 = 𝟒 ; 𝒍 = 2

Electron Configuration

This refers to the DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS in an atom.

Electron Configuration

This describes the NUMBER and ARRANGEMENT of electrons in orbitals, subshells, and shells.

Ground State

The atom's lowest energy state (unexcited).

● Aufbau Principle

● Pauli Exclusion Principle

● Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy according to the: [3]

Aufbau Principle

[PREDICTING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION]

This principle states that orbitals fill in order of INCREASING energy, from lowest to highest (1s → 2s → 2p → 3s ...).

Pauli Exclusion Principle

[PREDICTING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION]

This principle states that MAXIMUM of TWO electrons can occupy each orbital.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

[PREDICTING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION]

This principle states that if two electrons are in the same orbital, they must have OPPOSITE spins (↑↓).

Pauli Exclusion Principle

[PREDICTING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION]

This principle states that no more than two electrons can occupy each orbital, and if two electrons are present, they must have opposite spins.

Orbital Diagrams

[PREDICTING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION]

Another way to represent electron filling is through ____ (often referred to as "the little boxes" with arrows).

Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

[PREDICTING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION]

This rule states that electrons should fill orbitals SINGLY first before pairing and each electron in singly occupied orbitals has the same spin.

Noble Gas Configuration

This uses the elemental symbol of the last noble gas prior to the atom in brackets [ ], followed by the electron configuration of the remaining electrons.

● [He] → 2 e⁻

● [Ne] → 10 e⁻

● [Ar] → 18 e⁻

● [Kr] → 36 e⁻

● [Xe] → 54 e⁻

● [Rn] → 86 e⁻

Nobles gases and their configuration

2

[NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION]

Helium

10

[NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION]

Neon

18

[NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION]

Argon

36

[NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION]

Krypton

54

[NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION]

Xenon

86

[NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION]

Radon