BIOS 1030 OU Dr. Tegany Final

Breathing/ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

External respiration

the exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood

Internal respiration

the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluids

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water, involving biochemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria.

Upper respiratory tract FUNCTIONS

filtering, warming, and humidifying inhaled air,

Upper respiratory tract COMPONENTS

nasal cavity and pharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract FUNCTIONS

transports air
gas exchange

between blood capillaries

external air

Lower Respiratory Tract COMPONENTS

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, and pulmonary

capillaries

What is the process of breathing based on?

Pressure Gradient

What pressure gradient brings air INTO the lungs

Inspiration

What pressure gradient pushes air OUT of the lungs

Expiration

How is Lung function measured

Using lung volumes and vital capacties

How do gases move during gas exchange?

Gases diffuse passively according to their partial pressure gradients

What is external respiration?

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluids

How is oxygen mostly transported in the blood

Most oxygen is carried by hemoglobin

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Most carbon dioxide is trasported in plasma as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

What regulates breathing?

The nervous system

What does the respiratory center do?

Establishes the rhythm of breathing.

What do chemical receptors monitor in breathing?

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Ions (pH), and Oxygen levels

Can breathing be consciously controlled>?

Yes, we can have exert some conscious control over our breathing

What happens who airflow or gas exchange is reduced?

Respiratory function is impaired

What are some examples of disorders that reduce airflow or gas exchange?

Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis, and Cystic Fibrosis

How can microorganisms affect the respiratory system?

They can cause diseases

What are examples of respiratory diseases caused by microorganisms?

Colds, Flu, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, and Botulism

What causes lung cancer?

Proliferation of abnormal cells

What disease can result from asbestos exposure

Mesothelioma

What are pneumothorax and atelectasis?

Conditions involving failure of gas exchange

How does congestive heart failure affect the lungs?

In CHF, the heart cannot pump blood well, so blood gets backed up in the lungs. This makes it harder for oxygen to move into the blood.

Alveoli

One of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs

Asthma

A recurrent, chronic lung disorder characterized by spasmodic contraction of the bronchi, making it difficult to breath.

Bronchi

Any one of the larger branching airways of the lungs. The walls are reinforced with cartilage.

Bronchioles

Small airways within the lungs that carry air to the alveoli. The walls are devoid of cartilage.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Carbaminohemoglobin

Carbon dioxide bound from the hemoglobin.

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Emphysema

Chronic respiratory disorder involving damage to the bronchioles and alveoli. Loss of elastic tissue in the bronchioles causing them to collapse during expiration.

Epiglottis

A flaplike structure of elastic cartilage at the back of the throat that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing.

Glottis

Opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

Larynx

Cartilaginous organ containing the vocal cords, located between the trachea and pharynx. Also called the voice box.

oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen-bound from the hemoglobin

Partial Pressure

The pressure exerted by one particular gas in a mixture of gases.

Pharynx

The region of the digestive and respiratory systems that extends from behind the nasal cavities to the esophagus, also called the throat. Broth air and food passes through.

Pleural Membranes

Membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the external surface of the lungs.

Respiratory Center

Groups of nerve cells in the medulla oblongata near the base of the brain that are responsible for the cyclic nature of respiration.

Tidal Volume

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath. Normal is approximately 500 milliliters, or about a pint.

Trachea

Tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi that is the passageway for air to the lungs. Also called windpipe.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious disease of the lungs caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ventilation

The process of breathing, moving air into and out of the lungs.

Vital Capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by forcible expiration after the deepest inspiration.

Vocal Cords

Two folds of connective tissures that extent across the airway.

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

receives information, integrates it, and initiates responses.

How fast does the nervous system respond?

Extremely fast, within fractions of a second.

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What makes up central nervous system (CNS)?

Brain and Spinal cord

What is the function of the CNS?

Receives, processes, and transfers information.

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Nerves outside the CNS

What does the sensory division of the PNS do?

Carries information toward the CNS.

What does the motor division of the PNS do?

Carries information away from the CNS.

What are neurons?

Specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses.

What do sensory neurons do?

Carry information from the body to the CNS.

What do interneurons do?

Transmit information within the CNS.

What do motor neurons do?

Carry information away from the CNS.

What does the cell body do?

Contains nucleus and organelles.

What do dendrites do?

Receive incoming information

What does the axon do?

Sends electrical impulses away from the cell body.

What is an action potential?

An electrical impulse used for communication in the nervous system.

What triggers an action potential?

Reaching threshold.

What happens during depolarization?

Na⁺ enters the cell, making the inside positive.

What happens during repolarization?

K⁺ leaves the cell, restoring negative charge.

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

Restores resting potential by moving Na⁺ out and K⁺ in.

What is the resting membrane potential?

About –70 mV (inside is negative).

What does “all-or-none” mean?

Once threshold is reached, the action potential always fires fully.

What do neuroglial cells do?

Support, protect, and nourish neurons.

Do glial cells transmit impulses?

No.

What is myelin?

Insulating layer that speeds up nerve impulses.

What do Schwann cells do?

Form myelin in the PNS.

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Form myelin in the CNS.

What is a synapse?

Junction between a neuron and its target cell.

How do neurons communicate across a synapse?

Using neurotransmitters.

What triggers neurotransmitter release?

Ca²⁺ entering the axon terminal.

What happens when neurotransmitters bind to receptors?

Ion channels open, creating a graded potential.

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do?

Depolarize the cell (bring it closer to threshold).

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do?

Hyperpolarize the cell (move it away from threshold).

What does the somatic division control?

Skeletal muscles (voluntary movement).

What are reflexes?

Involuntary responses controlled mainly by the spinal cord.

What does the autonomic division control?

Automatic functions of organs.

What does the sympathetic division do?

Prepares body for emergencies (fight-or-flight).

Effects of the sympathetic division?

↑ heart rate, ↑ breathing, ↓ digestion.

What does the parasympathetic division do?

Relaxes the body (rest-and-digest).

Effects of the parasympathetic division?

↓ heart rate, ↑ digestion.

What protects the CNS?

Skull, vertebrae, meninges, CSF, blood-brain barrier.

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

Cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

What are the three main brain divisions?

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain.

What does the medulla oblongata control?

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing.

What does the cerebellum do?

Coordinates movement and balance.

What does the pons do?

Helps regulate breathing and connects brain regions.

What does the midbrain control?

Vision, hearing, eye movement, sleep/wake cycles.

What does the thalamus do?

Processes and relays sensory information.

What does the hypothalamus do?

Maintains homeostasis.

What does the cerebrum do?

Conscious thought, decision-making, and language.