bioooo final

Purpose/Question

specific and testable to the topic being evaluated. Helps to guide research and hone in on specifics

Research

investigation in order to establish new facts and conclusions; building upon previous knowledge

hypothesis

a prediction (with an answer) that includes both independent and dependant variables which correlate

experiment

a scientific test you perform actions and carefully observe the effects, to understand more about something

data analysis

collection of information which can help answer a question or solve a problem

conclusion

a statement based on experimental measures, which can answer the hypothesis or explain the experiment

structure and function

two woven ideas, one refers to the composition while the other refers to the job it does

interactions between systems

the relationship a collaborative process and the broader system it operates within

transfer of energy and matter

continuously transferred from one form to another

flow of information

genetic information in biological systems

evolution

change in living organisms over time

independent variable

stands alone and is not changed by other factors

dependant variable

what is measured and affected

Ionic bond

A bond between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Complete transfer of electron between ions

Chemical salt

Chemical compound with positively and negatively charged ions with net charge of zero

Electronegativity

Tendency for an atom to attract shared electrons when forming a chemical bond. Power of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a compound

Polar covalent bond

Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in covalent bond one will have stronger pull towards the electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

Type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. Electrons are shared equally between atoms

Hydrogen bond

The weakest type of bond between the negative attraction of oxygen and positive of hydrogen. More like a force than a bond

Chemical reaction

A process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another

Reactants

A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during the reaction

Products

A substance that is produced at the end of a chemical reaction

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to something else (Dissimilar particles cling to one another)

Cohesion

water molecules that stick together (mutually attractive)

Surface tension

Surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of particles in the surface layer

Specific heat

The quantity needed of heat to raise the temp of one gram of substance by 1° C

Universal solvent

Water because it can dissolve many different substances

Density of ice and water

Ice less dense than water which allows it to float in water (Because of the orientation in a hydrogen bond it causes molecules to be pushed farther apart)

Hydrogen/hydronium ions

Water molecules bonded with a positive hydrogen ion

Hydroxide ions

Negatively charged molecule with one hydrogen and one oxygen (function of a base)

Dissociation

Process in which molecules like ionic compounds or salts separate or dissolve

pH

Measurement of how acidic or basic a substance is

pOH

Estimate of how much oh ions are in a concentration

Logarithmic scale

The difference between one pH unit is 10 times greater than the last

Neutral

When a substance is neither acidic or basic (has a pH of 7)

Acidic

Hydrogen containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen) to another substance. pH less than 7

Basic

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. pH is greater than 7

Ocean acidification

Ongoing decrease of pH in the earth's ocean (harmful for life of plants and animals)

Carbonate ions

Makes up a part of calcification helping sea organisms live healthy

Calcification

Process where organisms produce and deposit calcium carbonate minerals from skeletal structures and hard tissues

hyrdolysis

breaking bonds through water

break a bond?

energy is released

create a bond?

energy is stored

organic molecules

molecules primarily made up of C and H elemets but also include other elements

inorganic molecules

any other molecule that do not have the H or C elements

hydrocarbons

molecules that ONLY consist of C and H elements

dehydration synthesis

chemical reaction creating molecules together, links together monomers to create polymers

hydrolysis

chemical reaction breaking down molecules, going from polymers to monomeres

monomers

subunit that is a building block for polymers

polymeres

large molecule consisting of many identical or smaller monomers

four macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, and nucleic acids

enzymes

required by hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis to make and break bonds

purpose of scientifc modeling

showing a PROCESS through visuals and explanations to understand somthing to a better degree

what elements are carbohydrates made out of ?

C H O

monomer for carbohydrates

monosaccharide

polymer for carbohydrates

polysaccharide

functions of carbohydrates

structural necessity for plants and short term energy source for animals

are carbohydrates polar or nonpolar

polar

examples of carbohydrates

sucrose, lactose, amylose (complex sugar)

what elements make up lipids?

C H O

monomer for lipids

fatty acids

polymer for lipids

phospholipids

are lipids polar or nonpolar

nonpolar

functions of lipids

hydrophobic (have certain things not disolve in water), provides means to structure cells, and long term energy storage

examples of lipids

phospholipids

monomer for proteins

amino acids

polymer for proteins

polypeptides

elements in proteins

C H O N

are proteins polar or nonpolar

polar

what are functions of proteins

structural bases for plants and animals, contain enzymes, and carry out essential functions

examples of proteins

enzymes, collagen, and hemoglobin

monomer for nucleic acids

nucleotides

polymers for nucleic acid

nucleic acid

are nucleic acids polar or nonpolar

polar

elements a part of nucleic acids

C H O P N

functions of nucleic acids

stores info in code of different bases

examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

which nucleic acid bases are paired together

adenine and thymine (A and T) cytosine and guanine (C and G)

hydroxyl image

O binded to H and

what macromolecules are hydroxyl a part of

proteins (amino acids), nucleic acids (nucleotides), and carbohydrates (monosaccharides)

amino image

N bonded to two H

what macromolecules are aminos a part of

proteins (amino acids)

carboxyl image

C single bonded to one O and H and double bonded to another O

what macromolecules is carboxyl a part of

carbohydrates and proteins (amino acids)

phosphate image

P with 4 double bonds to O

what macromolecules are phosphate a part of

nucleic acids (nucleotides)

orientation effects

function

isomer

same molecular formula but different structures or arrangements of atoms (difference in function)

phospholipid same from triglyceride?

no triglyceride can not attract water bc nonpolar but phospholipids have a negative side to attract water

why does denatured protein not work the same

change in their PH looses its ability to do its job

role of base pairs of nucleic acid in molecule’s function

chemically bonded through hydrogen bonds and hold together molecule

characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

pill like shape, smaller cell, bacteria, founded earlier, no membrane found just it’s area, circular chromosomes

characteristics of a eukaryotic cell

larger cell, linear DNA, plant and animal cells, multicellular (can do diff jobs), linear chromosomes

similarities between pro and euk cells

have ribosomes, membrane bound, DNA, cell wall, plasma membrane, mitosis (cell division)

principle of complementarity

activities of cells determined by their anatomy different . parts of living things work together to support life

collective action

how individual things in a group can work together to achieve a common goal, enhancing their survival

continuity of life

idea that life persists and evolves over time and throughout generations

what determines size of cell

surface area to volume ratio, cell function, and organism type

surface area to volume ratio concept

• as cell grows volume increases faster than its surface area.

• higher surface area to volume ratio is better for exchanging nutrients and waste, which limits how large a cell can grow.

surface area to volume ratio

surface area/volume