Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation'. Types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant. Cultural variations in attachment, including van ljzendoorn.

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Last updated 4:21 PM on 5/11/26
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18 Terms

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What is Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

  • Controlled observation investigating attachment types in infants.
  • Observed behaviour during separations and reunions with caregiver.
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Strange Situation Procedure

  • Conducted in laboratory setting.
  • Included mother, baby and stranger.
  • Used separations and reunions.
  • Consisted of 8 episodes.
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What Behaviours Were Measured in the Strange Situation?

  • Separation anxiety.
  • Stranger anxiety.
  • Willingness to explore.
  • Reunion behaviour.
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What is Secure Attachment?

  • Moderate separation anxiety.
  • Moderate stranger anxiety.
  • Uses caregiver as secure base.
  • Comforted easily at reunion.
  • Confident exploration.
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What is Insecure-Avoidant Attachment?

  • Low separation anxiety.
  • Low stranger anxiety.
  • Avoids caregiver at reunion.
  • Emotionally distant.
  • Good exploration.
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What is Insecure-Resistant Attachment?

  • High separation anxiety.
  • High stranger anxiety.
  • Clingy behaviour.
  • Poor exploration.
  • Not comforted easily at reunion.
  • Resists comfort/anger at reunion.
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Strange Situation Evaluation — Standardised Procedure

  • Same procedure used for all infants.
  • Improves reliability.
  • Easy to replicate findings.
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Strange Situation Evaluation — Culture Bias

  • Based on American norms.
  • Attachment behaviours may differ across cultures.
  • May misclassify attachment types.
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Strange Situation Evaluation — Predictive Validity

  • Attachment type identified in infancy often predicts later relationships and behaviour.
  • Securely attached infants usually develop healthier emotional and social relationships later in life.
  • Suggests the Strange Situation is a valid measure of attachment.
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Strange Situation Evaluation — Temperament Issue

  • Behaviour may reflect temperament rather than attachment.
  • Some infants naturally more anxious.
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What are Cultural Variations in Attachment?

  • Differences in attachment types across cultures.
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van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg — Aim

  • Investigated cultural variations in attachment types.
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van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg — Procedure

  • Conducted meta-analysis of Strange Situation studies.
  • Compared attachment types across countries.
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van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg — Findings

  • Secure attachment most common globally.
  • Insecure-resistant more common in Japan.
  • Insecure-avoidant more common in Germany.
  • Greater variation within cultures than between cultures.
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Cultural Variations Evaluation — Large Sample

  • Meta-analysis used many studies and participants.
  • Increased validity of findings.
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Cultural Variations Evaluation — Imposed Etic

  • Strange Situation based on Western values.
  • Other cultures judged using Western standards.
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Cultural Variations Evaluation — Within-Culture Differences

  • Greater differences found within cultures than between cultures.
  • Culture alone may not determine attachment.
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Cultural Variations Evaluation — Confounding Variables

  • Studies used different samples and methodologies.
  • Other variables may affect findings.