module 5 pt 2

Self-Concept

Understanding of who we are and what we can do

Looking-Glass Self

Developing self-understanding through others' perceptions

Who developed the Looking-Glass Self?

Charles Cooley

The "I" according to Mead

The spontaneous and creative aspect of self

The "Me" according to Mead

The social definition of self

Generalized Other

Understanding oneself from the viewpoint of many people

How does self-concept become more realistic?

By comparing oneself to others during middle childhood

Self-Control

Ability to regulate behavior and emotions

Response Inhibition

Resisting an immediate impulse

Delayed Gratification

Waiting for a larger reward later

Marshmallow Test

Measures delayed gratification in children

Poor delayed gratification is linked to

Problems with eating self-regulation

Freud's stages during early childhood

Anal Stage and Phallic Stage

Anal Stage Age Range

18 months to 3 years

Pleasure focus during Anal Stage

The anus and defecation

What developmental challenge is central in the Anal Stage?

Toilet training

Phallic Stage

Freud's stage involving attraction to the opposite-sex parent

Oedipus Complex

Boy's attraction to mother

Electra Complex

Girl's attraction to father

Introjection

Incorporating others' values into one's own value system

Who believed mothering promotes gender-stereotyped behavior?

Chodorow

According to Freud, children learn right from wrong through

Introjection

Why is play important?

It provides opportunities for exploration and development

Unoccupied Play

Child is not actively engaged in play

Solitary Play

Playing alone independently

Onlooker Play

Watching others play without joining

Parallel Play

Playing beside others without interaction

Associative Play

Playing with others with some interaction

Cooperative Play

Working together toward a shared goal

Erikson's stage in early childhood

Initiative vs. Guilt

Approximate starting age for Initiative vs. Guilt

Around age 3

Successful resolution of Initiative vs. Guilt

Developing purpose and initiative

Poor resolution of Initiative vs. Guilt

Excessive guilt and fear of trying new things

Gender Identity

Recognition of being male, female, or another gender identity

Gender Constancy

Understanding that gender remains stable over time

By what age are many children strongly aware of gender roles?

4 to 5 years old

Gender Stereotyping

Overgeneralizing traits and behaviors of males and females

How can adults reduce gender stereotyping?

Expose children to diverse roles and activities

Gender Socialization

Process through which children learn gender expectations

Learning theorists explain gender development as

Result of reinforcement and social messages

Who proposed the parenting style model?

Baumrind

Authoritarian Parenting

Strict, controlling parenting emphasizing obedience

Outcome of Authoritarian Parenting

Children may fear rather than respect parents

Permissive Parenting

Few rules and high warmth

Outcome of Permissive Parenting

Children may struggle with self-discipline

Authoritative Parenting

Balanced parenting with warmth and reasonable expectations

Outcome of Authoritative Parenting

Often associated with positive child outcomes

Uninvolved Parenting

Low responsiveness and low demands

Martyr Parenting Style

Parent sacrifices everything and expects compliance later

Pal Parenting Style

Parent acts more like a friend than an authority figure

Police Officer/Drill Sergeant Parenting Style

Focuses heavily on obedience

Teacher-Counselor Parenting Style

Relies strongly on expert advice and perfection

Athletic Coach Parenting Style

Guides and teaches children through challenges

How does culture affect parenting?

Cultural values influence parenting goals and behaviors

Collectivist cultures often emphasize

Obedience and compliance

Percentage of children under age 5 in child care

About 75%

Factors affecting child care quality

Teacher ratio, environment, and provider skill

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something desirable to increase behavior

Example of Positive Reinforcement

Praise for good behavior

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior

Example of Negative Reinforcement

Turning off an alarm by getting up

Positive Punishment

Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior

Example of Positive Punishment

Spanking

Negative Punishment

Removing something desirable to decrease behavior

Example of Negative Punishment

Time-out or loss of privileges

Most effective way to teach new behavior

Positive reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

Rewarding every desired behavior

Intermittent Reinforcement

Rewarding behavior only sometimes

Positive Stress (Eustress)

Mild stress that promotes resilience and growth

Tolerable Stress

More serious stress that is temporary and manageable

Toxic Stress

Chronic severe stress without adequate support

Effects of Toxic Stress

Long-lasting emotional, cognitive, and physical consequences

Four stages of stress processing

Alarm, meaning-making, coping search, coping action

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Traumatic events occurring during childhood

Examples of ACEs

Abuse, neglect, parental incarceration, violence, mental illness in family

Who conducted the major ACEs study?

Kaiser Permanente and the CDC

What did the ACEs study find?

Childhood trauma increases risk of later health and social problems

Food Insecurity

Limited or uncertain access to nutritious food

What can long-term severe stress do to the brain?

Create stress hypersensitivity

A child exposed to chronic neglect and hunger is likely experiencing

Toxic Stress

Module 5 Learning Outcome

Describe physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development during early childhood