APHG Sem 2 - Important Places / Vocab

Britain

coal, Industrial Revolution

cottage industry

small scale production in a home / village

crop rotation

prevent soils from getting depleted

Jethro Tull

1701: seed drill

Cyrus McCormick

1830: reaper

John Kay

1733: flying shuttle

James Hargreaves

1764: spinning jenny

James Watt

1769: modern steam engine

Eli Whitney

1793: cotton gin

India

cotton, steel processing

West Africa

sap —> rubber

mechanization of labor

large machines taking place of manual laborers

Manchester

textile mills

factory owners

new middle class during Industrial Revolution

raw materials

coal, wool, cotton, rubber, leather, clay

tenements

poor quality apartment blocks

unions

formed by workers to fight for proper treatment

The Knights of Labor

19th century America: leading labor union

Terence Powderly

Irish immigrant; founded The Knights of Labor

American Federation of Labor

early 20th century America; leading labor union

Samuel Gompers

English-born cigar maker; headed American Federation of Labor

primary production (natural resources)

agriculture, mining, energy, fisheries, forestry

secondary production (processing)

storing / processing crops, meat, dairy, wood, petroleum, metals, rubber, coal, natural gas

tertiary activities (marketing)

movement, marketing, wholesaling, commerical retailing

quaternary activities (“business services”)

banking, finance, insurance, real estate, marketing

quinary activities (service)

retail, hospitality, entertainment, communications, local gov’t licensing / regulation, human services, public utilities, healthcare

food insecurity

risk of lacking adequate nutrition

Horn of Africa (East Africa)

Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya

Great Famine

1840’s Ireland

Russian Civil War

1920 - 1922 Russia

President Robert Mugabe

prime minister of Zimbabwe

1995 - 2008 Zimbabwe

confiscated commerical farms from white Zimbabweans

Dole, United Fruit Company

Caribbean; capitalized on cheap labor

Honduras

bananas

Guatemala, Brazil, Indonesia, Ethiopia

coffee

multinational corporations of coffee

Nestle, Procter & Gamble, Philip Morris, Sara Lee

commodity chains

links between producers of goods and consumers

“fair trade” label

agricultural products made in lawful, non-exploitative conditions

South / Southeast Asia

areas that mainly produce tea

Lipton, Twinings

large corporations around tea

energy extraciton

process by which natural fuel resources are removed from the earth

coal

dominant fossil fuel in 19th century

Wales, New England

mines fueling Britain’s industrialization

Appalachian Mountains

mines fueling America’s industrialization

petroleum

“black gold” of fossil fuel world in 20th century

Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Indonesia, Central Africa

rich in petroleum reserves

resouce-dependent countries

countries that rely on one natural resource for sustenance

Zambia (Central Africa)

copper

US Mint

lead buyer of copper; client of Zambia from 1960s to 1980s

renewable energy

solar, tidal, wind, geothermal, nuclear

Chernobyl disaster

Ukrainian nuclear power plant meltdown in April 1986

Fukushima disaster

Japanese tsunami caused power plant meltdown in March 2011

Denmark, Spain

places known for wind power

Netherlands, coastal Germany

places known for tidal power

California, Australia

places known for solar power

value added processing

calculating factors going into cost of making finished product

durable goods

finished product designed to last at least 1 year

warranty

free replacement if malfunction prior to warranty time

non-durable goods

only used once then disposed; purchased in bulk

resource processing

processing materials into products fit for human consumption

textiles

processing / weaving fibers into fabric / leather

offshoring

sending jobs away from home country to make profit

service sector

services not physical products; intangible goods filled by human attention

low benefit services jobs

require little skill + poor pay; rely on benefits + min wage

high benefit services jobs

gov’t agencies, real estate, engineering, legal services, research, finance, tech, insurance, healthcare; good wages + benefits + social prestige

deindustrialization

developed nations offshore industrial manufacturing capacities

outsourcing

movement of jobs outside country (where company creating jobs is located)

first world nations

North America, Western Europe, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain; high living standards + low overall unemployemnt + free market policies

Rust Belt

extends from Michigan through Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania; suffered from outsourcing

Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit

previous industries w/ equipment manufacturing + steel production

Chile, Argentina, South Africa

lower income countries of first world

second world nations

former communist nations in Eastern Europe / Asia, nations previously controlled by Soviet Union / in bloc; certain political history + economic development indicators

Russia

advantages of natural resources including gas, coal, petroleum, minerals

brain drain

professional workers moving abroad for a better life

third world nations

nations w/ uneven levels of development + wealth gaps + high Gini coefficient

Columbia

Gini = 53.35; mostly poverty w/ small wealth class

Angola

Gini = 42.5; oil boom but slow trickling down wealth

Gini calculation

1912 by Corrado Gini; ranks nations based on levels of development

fourth world nations

nations set back severely by issues like armed conflict, natural disasters, political collapse

Bosnia

country who had infrastructure destroyed form 1992 - 1995

Rwanda

country who suffered genocidal civil war in 1994; many left with no viable workforce

Haiti

area that faced government corruption and many natural disasters

fifth world nations

nations with no government and thus no economic institutions

failed state

area with the inability to maintain organized government and develop economy

Somalia

area that relies on subsistence farming + informational barter to survive

more developed countries (MDCs)

combination of first / second world; must have per capita income of at least $10,000 per year

per capita income

average amount of money earned per working adult every year

less developed countries (LDCs)

range very broad; can encompass NICs but may lag in development

newly industrialized countries (NICs)

boast decent infrastructure in major cities but lag in rural areas

one child policy

established in China 1979; stemmed population growth

Brazil, Mexico, India

countries that are NICs on the tipping point between MDC and LDC

Nigeria, Indonesia, Gabon, Malaysia

NICs highly dependent on natural resources

Malaysia

known for Wawasan 2020 project and Petronas

Petronas

Malaysian state-owned oil company

Wawasan 2020 project

developed in 1990 to help Malaysia reach first world nation status

foreign direct investment (FDI)

foreign business entity opening shop in developing countries

World Bank, International Monetary Fund

lend out loans to NICs; sometimes take advantage of NICs pays

Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi

______ developed institutes w/ higher learning in 1980s India; focused on science, tech, engineering, math

Bangalore (India)

largest collection of cell centers in the world

Australia, New Zealand

most notable examples of affluent Southern Hemisphere; legacy of former British colonies