M10 HG&D

Social cognitive theory

Jill is studying the behavior of children in their middle years. She concludes that children's behavior is influenced by exposure to an increasing variety of models in the form of parents, teachers, other adults, peers, and symbolic models such as TV characters or the protagonist in a story. Which of the following personality theories forms the basis of Jill's conclusions?

fair-weather cooperation

According to Robert Selman's stages in children's changing concepts of friendship, a child is in the _____ stage when friends are viewed as doing things for one another.

Learned helplessness

_____ refers to an acquired belief that one is unable to control one's environment.

coregulation

Brad is 12 years old. Every day he selects the clothes he has to wear to school. Unlike his early childhood when his mother selected the clothes he had to wear, Brad now chooses his daily outfits based on the standards set by his mother. This scenario best exemplifies _____.

Conduct disorders

_____ are disorders marked by persistent breaking of the rules and violations of the rights of others.

momentary physical interaction

According to Robert Selman's stages in children's changing concepts of friendship, a child is in the _____ stage when he or she remains egocentric.

transgender

Michael was born with an XY chromosomal pattern, and understands that his sex is male. He feels, however, that a mistake was made and that his true identity is female. He has asked to be called Nicole, wears clothing typically associated with girls, and requests that people use female pronouns. Michael is a(n) _______ person.

Both can help children learn impulses they can safely express.

Which of the following is a similarity between the role of parents and that of peers as socialization influences?

Both are role models and dispensers of reinforcement

Which of the following is a similarity between a teacher and a parent as influences on social development in middle childhood?

They can cause other children to ridicule or resent those who do too well or not well enough.

Which of the following is a negative aspect of schools?

cyberbullying

Eleven-year-old Melanie is severely depressed and wants to commit suicide because she constantly receives threatening emails from anonymous sources. She is also intimidated by several text messages and unwanted posts on her social networking page. Melanie is a victim of _____.

Serotonin

Research finds that children with depression tend to "underutilize" the neurotransmitter ________, which provides a neurological basis for the condition.

Children with SAD complain of nightmares and tend to throw tantrums.

Which of the following is true of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in children?

are more achievement-oriented

Research studies on maternal employment have shown that daughters of employed women _____________________

Both set limits on the behaviors of children.

Which of the following is a similarity between parents and schools as influences on social development in middle childhood?

It is masked by conduct disorders and physical complaints.

Which of the following is true of childhood depression?

Both theories see the acquisition of cognitive and social skills as a major task in middle childhood.

Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Erikson's psychosocial theory during middle childhood?

external attribution

Paul fails a math test. He cites the tough paper as a reason for failing instead of his lack of preparation. Paul's interpretation of his failure is an example of _____.

It proposes that there is a decline in egocentrism during middle childhood.

Which of the following is an outcome of the cognitive-developmental theory?

sexual feelings remain repressed

According to Freud, during middle childhood, _____.