behavioral neuroscience final

regulatory behaviors

behaviors that maintain vital body system balance

the three sources to the human control system for feeding

evolution, hypothalamus, the digestive system

two things food is for

sustenance and social connection

three types of nutrients the digestive system extracts

lipids, amino acids, glucose

what happens when food reaches the intestines

the enteric nervous system releases peptide hormones

what influences feeding behavior

hormones, insulin, growth hormone, sex steroids

what structure of the brain is responsible for control of hormones

hypothalamus

hypothalamus key brain structure of

feeding and safety

aphagia

the inability to swallow

hyperphagia

extreme hunger that doesn’t subside after eating

lateral hypothalamus

a complex area in the brain that regulates feeding, stress, arousal, energy balance

ventromedial hypothalamus

region of hypothalamus, satiety center that terminates hunger and enables feeling of fullness

acruate nucleus

has different hormones that iniate or inhibit eating

damage to what region can cause hyperphagia

arcuate nucleus

what type of diet was linked to increasing a healthy microbiome

Mediterranean

what is the role of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in control of eating

e the amygdala often assigns cravings, fear to food, the OFC acts as a higher-order center for evaluating reward value and controlling impulses

osmotic thirst

a result of undissolved chemicals in the body that is not in the ideal solute concentration

when the hypothalamus receptor cells detect osmotic thirst what do they do

signal the kidneys to reduce water excretion

hypovolemic thirst

a result from a loss of overall fluid volume from the body, signals sent to increase solute levels

what hormone do the kidneys send due to hypovolemic thirst

angiotensin

mediterranean diet good for

controlling glucose, insulin

low carb diet good for

controlling lipid levels

largest acute weight loss

low carb diet

largest sustained weight loss

mediterranean and low carb

during the fetal stage of prenatal development

testosterone (estradiol) begins to masculinize both our sex organs

what area of the brain controls motivation for sex

amygdala

what area of the brain controls copulating behavior

hypothalamus

what does the female estrous cycle do

release hormones that make us desire mating more

sexual dimorphism

the difference in males and females, testosterone is not used in female body, its converted into estradiol

In this syndrome, an XY fetus produces androgens but the body cannot respond to them, still respond to estrogen, so genetically male, but phenotypically female

androgen insensitivity

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

adrenal gland produces too many androgens so the clitoris is enlarged to look like a small penis, masculinized females

sexual orientation is determined by what

early development, cannot be changed

epigenetic effects

a third sex based on hypothalamic formation

what biological factors influence gender identity

identity-chromosomal abnormalities, polymorphisms of genes from estrogen and androgen receptors, atypical gonadal hormone levels, prenatal exposure to some anticonvulsants, and immune system activity directed toward the Y chromosome

james olds and peter miller experiment

stimulation of intercranial regions functions as a powerful reinforcer

Lateral hypothalamus, medial forebrain bundle, or the mesolimbic dopamine system

forming a core neural circuit for motivated behaviors, reward, and pleasure

wanting-and-liking theory

wanting is driven by dopamine, liking is driven by opiod related systems, related to addiction

diurnal

awake during day asleep during darkness

circadian rhythm

the day/night rhythm found in most animals

metabolic syndrome

issues from circadian rhythm like irregular sleep or meal schedules that can lead to disoders like sleep disorders, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes

biorhythms

inherent timing mechanisms that control or initiate biological processes, linked to earths rotation, 24 hours

Jean Jacques d’Ortous de Mairan experiment

isolated plants in the dark, and they still have biorhythms that are endogenous

circannual

once or twice a year, bird migration, animal mating

circadian

24 hour cycle

infradian

shorter than a month, but longer then a day, female menstrual cycle

circalunar

a month like the moon, female menstrual cycle

ultradian

less than a day, human eating cycle

free running rhythms

organisms making their own rhythms, we dont want these

zeitgebers

clock setting cues, like light and feeding scheudles, environmental events that entrain biological rhythms

entrained

allow us to synchronize our daily activity to seasonal changes

Persistent asynchronous rhythms

rhythms that are supposed to sync with a pacemaker do not always sync, make their own timing

suprachisasmatic nucleus (SCN)

master biological clcok in the hypothalamus above the opic chiasm

research on SCN

maintains rhythm even if information pathways are cut

retinohypothalamic tract

retinal ganglion cells are photosensitive retinal cells that release melanopsin

chronotypes

larks and owls

slave oscillators

a pacemaker rhythm that drives slave oscillators for different activites

how do slave oscillators work

light entrains SCN and SCN drives slave oscillators

restless leg syndrome

10% of population, more women affected, treated with massage, exercise, medication, etc.

sleep apnea

not breathing in sleep

non REM sleep disorders

insomnia, narcolepsy

REM sleep disorder

sleep paralysis, cataplexy

remediating dyslexia

abnormal collection of neurons around language areas, auditory processing disorder

pavlovian condition

eyeblink experiment with rabbits and humans

operant conditioning

learning involves changes in behavior due to environmental stimuli and their consequences

thorndike experiment

cat puzzle box with lever

implicit memory

unconscious memory, involves skill or conditioned response, bottom-up

explicit memory

conscious memory that takes effort to remember, top-down

retrograde amnesia

cannot remember any memories

antergograde amnesia

cannot form new memories

episodic memory

a type of explicit long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of specific personal experiences

HSAM

autobiographical memory

Karl lashley experiment

trained rats to run through maze then damaged their cerebral cortex

William scoville experiment

removing parts of brain to treat epilepsy, had an effect on memories

Henry moliason

had his hippocampus and amygdala removed to stop seizures and had no explicit memory

parkinsons disease

caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to dysfunction within the basal ganglia

patient boswells amnesia

resulted from herpes simplex encephalitis, IQ changed, both anterograde and retrograde amnesia